{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T08:51:22Z","timestamp":1791103882214,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tob Control"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold>In mid 1998, a question \u201cWas the deceased a smoker five years ago?\u201d was introduced on the newly revised South African death notification form.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Design:<\/jats:bold>A total of 16 230 new death notification forms from 1998 have been coded, and comparison of the prevalence of smoking among those who died of different causes was used to estimate, by case\u2013control comparisons, tobacco attributed mortality in South Africa. Cases comprised deaths from causes known (from other studies) to be causally associated with smoking, and controls comprised deaths from medical conditions expected to be unrelated to smoking. Those who died from external causes, and from diseases strongly related to alcohol consumption, were excluded.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Subjects:<\/jats:bold>Reports were available from 5340 deceased adults (age 25+), whose smoking status was given by a family member.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>Significantly increased risks were found for deaths from tuberculosis (odds ratio (OR) 1.61, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.23 to 2.11), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.9 to 3.4), lung cancer (OR 4.8, 95% CI 2.9 to 8.0), other upper aerodigestive cancer (OR 3.0, 95% CI 1.9 to 4.9) and ischaemic heart disease (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.2 to 2.3).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>If smokers had the same death rate as non-smokers, 58% of lung cancer deaths, 37% of COPD deaths, 20% of tuberculosis deaths, and 23% of vascular deaths would have been avoided. About 8% of all adult deaths in South Africa (more than 20 000 deaths a year) were caused by smoking.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.2004.007682","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,25]],"date-time":"2004-11-25T00:57:38Z","timestamp":1101344258000},"page":"396-399","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":86,"title":["Tobacco attributable deaths in South Africa"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"F","family":"Sitas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Urban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D","family":"Bradshaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D","family":"Kielkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Bah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R","family":"Peto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024051409122379000_13.4.396.1","unstructured":"Statistics South Africa. Census 2001: Census in brief. Pretoria: Statistics South Africa, 2003, www.statssa.gov.za [Accessed 8 July 2003]."},{"key":"2024051409122379000_13.4.396.2","first-page":"1389","volume":"86","year":"1996","journal-title":"South African Med J"},{"key":"2024051409122379000_13.4.396.3","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Tobacco or health: a global status report. Geneva: WHO, 1997."},{"key":"2024051409122379000_13.4.396.4","unstructured":"(South African) National Council Against Smoking. South African Cigarette Tax vs Consumption. www.againstsmoking.org [Accessed 18 May 2004]."},{"key":"2024051409122379000_13.4.396.5","unstructured":"Peto R, Lopez A, Boreham J, et al. Mortality from smoking in developed countries 1950\u00e2\u0080\u00932000. 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Training Manual for the Death Notification Form (BI 1663). Pretoria, 1999. http:\/\/www.doh.gov.za\/nhis\/index.html [Accessed 6 Nov 2003]."},{"key":"2024051409122379000_13.4.396.12","first-page":"925","volume":"88","year":"1998","journal-title":"South African Med J"},{"key":"2024051409122379000_13.4.396.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.309.6959.901","volume":"309","year":"1994","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2024051409122379000_13.4.396.14","unstructured":"Breslow NE, Day NE. Statistical methods in cancer research. Vol 1. The analysis of case-control studies. IARC Scientific Publication 32 Lyon 1980."},{"key":"2024051409122379000_13.4.396.15","unstructured":"Republic of South Africa. Department of Health. National Health Information System. 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