{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T16:47:34Z","timestamp":1761929254896},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tob Control"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective:<\/jats:bold>The<jats:italic>Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders<\/jats:italic>, third edition (DSM-III), published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) in 1980, included the first official definitions by the APA of tobacco dependence and tobacco withdrawal. Tobacco industry efforts to influence the DSM-III were investigated.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Method:<\/jats:bold>Searches of previously secret tobacco industry documents, primarily the University of California San Francisco Legacy Tobacco Documents Library and British American Tobacco collections. Additional information was collected through discussions with editors of DSM-III, and library and general internet searches.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>The tobacco companies regarded the inclusion of tobacco dependence as a diagnosis in DSM-III as an adverse event. It worked to influence the content of the DSM-III and its impact following publication. These efforts included public statements and private lobbying of DSM-III editors and high ranking APA officers by prominent US psychiatrists with undisclosed ties to the tobacco industry. Following publication of DSM-III, tobacco companies contracted with two US professors of psychiatry to organise a conference and publish a monograph detailing controversies surrounding DSM-III.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold>The tobacco industry and its allies lobbied to narrow the definition of tobacco dependence in serial revisions of DSM-III. Following publication of DSM-III, the industry took steps to try to mitigate its impact. These actions mirror industry tactics to influence medical research and policy in various contexts worldwide. Such tactics slow the spread of a professional and public understanding of smoking and health that otherwise would reduce smoking, smoking induced disease, and tobacco company profits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.2004.010512","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,24]],"date-time":"2005-09-24T00:38:18Z","timestamp":1127522298000},"page":"328-337","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Tobacco industry influence on the definition of tobacco related disorders by the American Psychiatric Association: Table 1"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"M D","family":"Neuman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Bitton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S A","family":"Glantz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024051409190339000_14.5.328.1","unstructured":"US Department of Health and Human Services. The health consequences of smoking: nicotine addiction. A report of the Surgeon General, 1988. Rockville, Maryland: Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, Office on Smoking and Health, 1988, (DHHS Publication No (CDC) 88-8406.)."},{"key":"2024051409190339000_14.5.328.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Glantz SA, Slade J, Bero LA, et al. The cigarette papers. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996.","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520920996"},{"key":"2024051409190339000_14.5.328.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03530030045033"},{"key":"2024051409190339000_14.5.328.4","unstructured":"Yeaman A. Implications of Battelle Hippo I & I I and the Grifffith Filter. July 17 1963. Bates No. 1802.05. http:\/\/legacy.library.ucsf.edu\/tid\/xrc72d00 (Accessed April 2, 2004)."},{"key":"2024051409190339000_14.5.328.5","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 1st ed. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1952."},{"key":"2024051409190339000_14.5.328.6","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 2nd ed. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1968."},{"key":"2024051409190339000_14.5.328.7","unstructured":"Kirk SA, Kutchins H. The selling of DSM. New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1992."},{"key":"2024051409190339000_14.5.328.8","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 3rd ed. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1980."},{"key":"2024051409190339000_14.5.328.9","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. Progress report on the preparation of DSM-III. March 1976. Legacy Tobacco Documents Library. Bates No. 1003291442\/1450. http:\/\/legacy.library.ucsf.edu\/tid\/ygv97e00 (Accessed July 30, 2003)."},{"key":"2024051409190339000_14.5.328.10","unstructured":"World Health Organization. International classification of diseases: manual of the International statistical classification of diseases, injuries, and causes of death. Based on the recommendations of the ninth revision conference, 1975, and adopted by the Twenty-Ninth World Health Assembly. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1977."},{"key":"2024051409190339000_14.5.328.11","unstructured":"World Health Organization. International classification of diseases, clinical modification. Ann Arbor, Michigan: US National Center for Health Statistics, 1978."},{"key":"2024051409190339000_14.5.328.12","unstructured":"Jaffe JH. Tobacco use as a mental disorder: the rediscovery of a medical problem. In: Jarvik ME, Cullen JW, Gritz ER, Vogt TM, West LJ, eds. Research on smoking behavior. Washington DC: US Government Publishing Office, 1977:202\u2013217."},{"key":"2024051409190339000_14.5.328.13","unstructured":"Dunn WL. [Memorandum]. October 28 1976. Legacy Tobacco Documents Library. 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