{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T16:08:14Z","timestamp":1791216494900,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tob Control"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective:<\/jats:bold>To estimate the incremental cost-effectiveness of the first-line pharmacotherapies (nicotine gum, patch, spray, inhaler, and bupropion) for smoking cessation across six Western countries\u2014Canada, France, Spain, Switzerland, the United States, and the United Kingdom.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Design and study population:<\/jats:bold>A Markov-chain cohort model to simulate two cohorts of smokers: (1) a reference cohort given brief cessation counselling by a general practitioner (GP); (2) a treatment cohort given counselling plus pharmacotherapy. Effectiveness expressed as odds ratios for quitting associated with pharmacotherapies. Costs based on the additional physician time required and retail prices of the medications.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Interventions:<\/jats:bold>Addition of each first-line pharmacotherapy to GP cessation counselling.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Main outcome measures:<\/jats:bold>Cost per life-year saved associated with pharmacotherapies.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>The cost per life-year saved for counselling only ranged from US$190 in Spain to $773 in the UK for men, and from $288 in Spain to $1168 in the UK for women. The incremental cost per life-year saved for gum ranged from $2230 for men in Spain to $7643 for women in the US; for patch from $1758 for men in Spain to $5131 for women in the UK; for spray from $1935 for men in Spain to $7969 for women in the US; for inhaler from $3480 for men in Switzerland to $8700 for women in France; and for bupropion from $792 for men in Canada to $2922 for women in the US. In sensitivity analysis, changes in discount rate, treatment effectiveness, and natural quit rate had the strongest influences on cost-effectiveness.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold>The cost-effectiveness of the pharmacotherapies varied significantly across the six study countries, however, in each case, the results would be considered favourable as compared to other common preventive pharmacotherapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.2005.011551","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,26]],"date-time":"2006-05-26T00:31:54Z","timestamp":1148603514000},"page":"152-159","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Cost-effectiveness of pharmacotherapies for nicotine dependence in primary care settings: a multinational comparison"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"J","family":"Cornuz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Gilbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Pinget","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P","family":"McDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K","family":"Slama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E","family":"Salto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F","family":"Paccaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024051409205166000_15.3.152.1","unstructured":"Peto R, Lopez AD, Boreham J, et al. Mortality from smoking in developed countries, 1950\u20132000. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1994."},{"key":"2024051409205166000_15.3.152.2","unstructured":"Jha P, Chaloupka FJ. Curbing the epidemic: governments and the economics of tobacco control. Washington DC: World Bank, 1999."},{"key":"2024051409205166000_15.3.152.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.309.6959.901"},{"key":"2024051409205166000_15.3.152.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.321.7257.323"},{"key":"2024051409205166000_15.3.152.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silagy C, Mant D, Fowler G, et al. Nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation (Cochrane Review, May 1998). In: The Cochrane Library. Oxford: Update software, 2002; (4).","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000146"},{"key":"2024051409205166000_15.3.152.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silagy C. Physician advice for smoking cessation (Cochrane Review, November 1998). In: The Cochrane Library. Oxford: Update software, 2002; (4).","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000165"},{"key":"2024051409205166000_15.3.152.7","unstructured":"Fiore MC, Bailey WC, Cohen SJ, et al. Treating tobacco use and dependence. Clinical Practice Guideline. Rockville, Maryland: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service 2000."},{"key":"2024051409205166000_15.3.152.8","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Health care systems in transition\u2014Canada. Copenhagen, Denmark: World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe, 1996."},{"key":"2024051409205166000_15.3.152.9","unstructured":"McDonald P. University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. January 2003."},{"key":"2024051409205166000_15.3.152.10","unstructured":"Imai Y, Jacobzone S, Lenain P. The changing health system in France. Economics Department Working Papers No 269. Paris, France: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2000."},{"key":"2024051409205166000_15.3.152.11","first-page":"853","volume":"83","year":"1996","journal-title":"Bulletin du Cancer"},{"key":"2024051409205166000_15.3.152.12","unstructured":"European Observatory on Health Care Systems. Health care systems in transition\u2014Spain. Copenhagen, Denmark: European Observatory on Health Care Systems, 2000."},{"key":"2024051409205166000_15.3.152.13","unstructured":"Salto E. Primary Prevention of Chronic Diseases Unit, Department of Health and Social Security, Autonomous Government of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain. January 2003."},{"key":"2024051409205166000_15.3.152.14","unstructured":"European Observatory on Health Care Systems. Health care systems in transition\u2014Switzerland. Copenhagen, Denmark: European Observatory on Health Care Systems, 2000."},{"key":"2024051409205166000_15.3.152.15","first-page":"521","volume":"131","year":"2001","journal-title":"Swiss Med Weekly"},{"key":"2024051409205166000_15.3.152.16","unstructured":"European Observatory on Health Care Systems. Health care systems in transition\u2014United Kingdom. Copenhagen, Denmark: European Observatory on Health Care Systems, 1999."},{"key":"2024051409205166000_15.3.152.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.10.1.27"},{"key":"2024051409205166000_15.3.152.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Docteur E, Suppanz H, Woo J. The US health system: an assessment and prospective directions for reform. Economics Department Working Papers No 350. Paris, France: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2003.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.1329306"},{"key":"2024051409205166000_15.3.152.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.279.8.604"},{"key":"2024051409205166000_15.3.152.20","unstructured":"Office f\u00e9d\u00e9ral de la statistique. Enqu\u00eate suisse sur la sant\u00e9. Berne, Suisse: Office f\u00e9d\u00e9ral de la statistique, 1997."},{"key":"2024051409205166000_15.3.152.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-136-6-200203190-00006"},{"key":"2024051409205166000_15.3.152.22","first-page":"1101","volume":"50","year":"2001","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2024051409205166000_15.3.152.23","unstructured":"Drummond M, Stoddart GL, Torrance GW. Methods for the economic evaluation of health care programmes. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992."},{"key":"2024051409205166000_15.3.152.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-003-0610-6"},{"key":"2024051409205166000_15.3.152.25","first-page":"504","volume":"42","year":"1993","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2024051409205166000_15.3.152.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orleans CT. Treating nicotine dependence in medical settings: a stepped-care model. In: Orleans CT, Slade J, eds. Nicotine addiction: principles and management. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195064414.001.0001"},{"key":"2024051409205166000_15.3.152.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-5231(21)00820-0","volume":"12","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin Chest Med"},{"key":"2024051409205166000_15.3.152.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.2001.tb11069.x","volume":"55","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Clin Practice"},{"key":"2024051409205166000_15.3.152.29","unstructured":"US Department of Health and Human Services. The health benefits of smoking cessation. A report of the Surgeon General, 1990. Rockville, Maryland: Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, Office on Smoking and Health, 1990, (DHHS Publication No (CDC) 90-8416.)."},{"key":"2024051409205166000_15.3.152.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/89.8.572"},{"key":"2024051409205166000_15.3.152.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/pmed.1996.0127"},{"key":"2024051409205166000_15.3.152.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03530400035035"},{"key":"2024051409205166000_15.3.152.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(91)90092-Q"},{"key":"2024051409205166000_15.3.152.34","first-page":"1315","volume":"256","year":"1996","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2024051409205166000_15.3.152.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.309.6958.842"},{"key":"2024051409205166000_15.3.152.36","unstructured":"L\u2019ordre national des pharmaciens. Paris, France; January 2003. http:\/\/www.ordre.pharmacien.fr\/index.htm."},{"key":"2024051409205166000_15.3.152.37","unstructured":"Official List of Pharmaceutical Specialities, Ministry of Health. Updated January 2003."},{"key":"2024051409205166000_15.3.152.38","unstructured":"Anon. e-mediat AG: Catalogo de Especialidades Farmaeutica 2002."},{"key":"2024051409205166000_15.3.152.39","unstructured":"Anon. Compendium Suisse des M\u00e9dicaments, Basel: Documed AG, December 2002."},{"key":"2024051409205166000_15.3.152.40","unstructured":"Anon. British National Formulary, Section 4. 10; www.bnf.org October 2002. e-mediat AG: MIMS, March, 2003."},{"key":"2024051409205166000_15.3.152.41","first-page":"88","volume":"6","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur J Gen Pract"},{"key":"2024051409205166000_15.3.152.42","unstructured":"Institute of Health in Catalonia. Department of Health and Social Security. Official data. Catalonia, Spain, Updated 2003."},{"key":"2024051409205166000_15.3.152.43","unstructured":"Office of Health Economics. OHE Compendium of Health Statistics. 13th ed. London, England: Office of Health Economics, 2001."},{"key":"2024051409205166000_15.3.152.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"US Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. 2002 National Physician Fee Schedule Relative Value File 2002.","DOI":"10.1542\/pcco_book007_document005"},{"key":"2024051409205166000_15.3.152.45","unstructured":"Medidata AG. Lucerne, Swizterland. http:\/\/www.medidata.ch\/products\/mediframe\/figures\/kvg_tpw_ch-fr.jsp. July 2002."},{"key":"2024051409205166000_15.3.152.46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viscusi WK. Discounting health effects for medical decisions. In: Sloan FA, ed. Valuing health care. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511625817.007"},{"key":"2024051409205166000_15.3.152.47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gold MR. Siegel JE, Russell LB. Weinstein MC, eds. Cost-effectiveness in health and medicine. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195108248.001.0001"},{"key":"2024051409205166000_15.3.152.48","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2000. Behavioral risk factor surveillance system. http:\/\/apps.nccd.cdc.gov\/brfss\/ (Accessed Nov 26, 2002)."},{"key":"2024051409205166000_15.3.152.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.158.4.375"},{"key":"2024051409205166000_15.3.152.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03520370074040"},{"key":"2024051409205166000_15.3.152.51","first-page":"769","volume":"132","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2024051409205166000_15.3.152.52","first-page":"1","volume":"6","year":"2002","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess"},{"key":"2024051409205166000_15.3.152.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/027298902237708"},{"key":"2024051409205166000_15.3.152.54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.319.7222.1423"},{"key":"2024051409205166000_15.3.152.55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/16.3.326"}],"container-title":["Tobacco Control"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/tc.2005.011551","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T16:22:50Z","timestamp":1715703770000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/tobaccocontrol.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/tc.2005.011551"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,25]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,25]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/tc.2005.011551"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/tc.2005.011551","relation":{},"ISSN":["0964-4563","1468-3318"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0964-4563","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-3318","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,25]]}}}