{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:36:40Z","timestamp":1790728600026,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tob Control"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objective:<\/jats:bold>\n                    To assess if the effect of a single treatment episode with nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) enhances smoking cessation over many years.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Data sources:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Meta-analysis of all randomised controlled trials of NRT with final follow-up more than one year after the start of treatment. Twelve eligible trials were identified, all placebo-controlled, having final follow-ups ranging from 2\u20138 years. All had earlier follow-ups at 12 months. They comprised 2408 active and 2384 placebo treatment participants.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Data synthesis:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The odds ratio (OR) in favour of NRT at final follow-up was 1.99 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.50 to 2.64). There was no evidence that the effect varied according to length of final follow-up (\u03b2 \u200a=\u200a 0.92, p \u200a=\u200a 0.28) or duration of initial NRT treatment (\u03b2 \u200a=\u200a 0.99, p &gt; 0.5). The overall relapse rate between the 12 months and final follow-up was 30.0% (95% CI 23.5% to 37.5%). This rate did not differ between NRT and control groups (OR 1.11, 95% CI 0.78 to 1.59), or length of initial NRT treatment. There was also no evidence that it varied according to length of final follow up. Due to relapse, the overall efficacy of NRT treatment in terms of additional ex-smokers declined from 10.7% over and above placebo (6.6% to 14.8%) after one year to 7.2% (3.8% to 11.3%) at an average of 4.3 years follow up.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The relative efficacy of a single course of NRT remains constant over many years. The majority of relapse after 12 months occurs within the first or second year and is not detectable thereafter, suggesting that NRT has a permanent effect on smoking cessation. However, initial relapse after one year has the effect of diminishing the number of ex-smokers that can be ultimately attributed to NRT. Results after only 6\u201312 months of follow-up, as used in existing reviews and treatment guidelines, will overestimate the lifetime benefit and cost-efficacy of NRT by about 30%. Because the long-term benefit of NRT is modest, tobacco dependence treatment might be better viewed as a chronic disorder, requiring repeated episodes of treatment.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.2005.015487","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,2]],"date-time":"2006-08-02T20:42:58Z","timestamp":1154551378000},"page":"280-285","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":206,"title":["Nicotine replacement therapy for long-term smoking cessation: a meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jean-Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Etter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John A","family":"Stapleton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024051409285105000_15.4.280.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38142.554479.AE"},{"key":"2024051409285105000_15.4.280.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-142-4-200502150-00005"},{"key":"2024051409285105000_15.4.280.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silagy C, Lancaster T, Stead L, et al. Nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation. The Cochrane Library, Issue 1, 2005. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd,.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000146.pub2"},{"key":"2024051409285105000_15.4.280.4","unstructured":"Fiore MC, Baily WC, Cohen SJ, et al. Treating tobacco use and dependence. Clinical Practice Guideline. Rockville, Maryland: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. June 2000."},{"key":"2024051409285105000_15.4.280.5","unstructured":"US Department of Health and Human Services. The health benefits of smoking cessation. A report of the Surgeon General, 1990. Rockville, Maryland: Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, Office on Smoking and Health, 1990, (DHHS Publication No (CDC) 90-8416.)."},{"key":"2024051409285105000_15.4.280.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.316.7134.830"},{"key":"2024051409285105000_15.4.280.7","unstructured":"Sackett DL, Haynes RB, Guyatt GH, et al. Clinical epidemiology: a basic science for clinical medicine. 2nd ed. Little, Brown and Company 1991."},{"key":"2024051409285105000_15.4.280.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1177\/096228029300200202","volume":"2","year":"1993","journal-title":"Statistical Methods in Medical Research"},{"key":"2024051409285105000_15.4.280.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.323.7304.101"},{"key":"2024051409285105000_15.4.280.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leandro G. Meta-analysis in medical research. The handbook for the understanding and practice of meta-analysis. Oxford: Blackwell BMJ Books, 2005.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470994894"},{"key":"2024051409285105000_15.4.280.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0006-341X.2000.00455.x"},{"key":"2024051409285105000_15.4.280.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith GD, Egger M. Going beyond the grand mean: subgroup analysis in meta-analysis of randomized trials. In: Egger M, Smith GD, Altman DG. Systematic reviews in health care: meta-analysis in context. London: BMJ Publishing Group, 2001.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470693926"},{"key":"2024051409285105000_15.4.280.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1989.00390080080018"},{"key":"2024051409285105000_15.4.280.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.97.10071585"},{"key":"2024051409285105000_15.4.280.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.318.7179.285"},{"key":"2024051409285105000_15.4.280.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/pmed.1996.9997"},{"key":"2024051409285105000_15.4.280.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/pmed.1998.0391"},{"key":"2024051409285105000_15.4.280.18","first-page":"219","volume":"44","year":"2003","journal-title":"Croat Med J"},{"key":"2024051409285105000_15.4.280.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.108.2.447"},{"key":"2024051409285105000_15.4.280.20","first-page":"95","volume":"5","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Smoking-Related Dis"},{"key":"2024051409285105000_15.4.280.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.78.6.617","volume":"78","year":"1997","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"2024051409285105000_15.4.280.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198801073180104"},{"key":"2024051409285105000_15.4.280.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7405.28"},{"key":"2024051409285105000_15.4.280.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.12.1.21"},{"key":"2024051409285105000_15.4.280.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1994.03520190043033"},{"key":"2024051409285105000_15.4.280.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4603(88)90021-4"},{"key":"2024051409285105000_15.4.280.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2004.00540.x"},{"key":"2024051409285105000_15.4.280.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)90001-6"},{"key":"2024051409285105000_15.4.280.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.278.5335.45"}],"container-title":["Tobacco Control"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/tc.2005.015487","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T12:29:01Z","timestamp":1715689741000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/tobaccocontrol.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/tc.2005.015487"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,8]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,2]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/tc.2005.015487"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/tc.2005.015487","relation":{},"ISSN":["0964-4563","1468-3318"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0964-4563","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-3318","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,8]]}}}