{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T08:18:14Z","timestamp":1765959494707},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tob Control"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,4]]},"abstract":"Objectives:<\/jats:title>To determine the percentage of gamblers who smoke while gambling at three of Nevada\u2019s major gambling destinations, Las Vegas, Reno\/Sparks and Lake Tahoe.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods:<\/jats:title>Teams of two people counted the number of smokers and total number of gamblers at various Nevada casinos. The total number of gamblers observed smoking was then multiplied by three to determine the total number of smokers. This methodology for determining the number of smokers in a room was established by Repace and Lowry in 1980.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results:<\/jats:title>We observed a total of 14\u2009052 gamblers at the three sites, of which a total of 947 were smoking. We estimated the percentage of smokers at three gaming tourist centres in Nevada (Las Vegas, Reno\/Sparks and Lake Tahoe). The percentage of smokers at Las Vegas (20.3% (95% CI 0.9)) and Reno\/Sparks (21.5% (95% CI 1.2%)) did not significantly differ from the US population percentage of smokers (20.9% (95% CI 0.6%)) (p>0.05). However, at Lake Tahoe the percentage of smokers (16.4% (95% CI 1.8%)) was significantly lower than the published US population smoker percentage (p<0.0001). Mean percentage of smokers by location did not significantly differ (p\u200a=\u200a0.43)<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>The results of this study suggest that the percentage of gamblers who smoke was less than or not different from the overall US percentage of a population who smoke. These findings provide additional evidence to refute the exemption to smoking bans for casinos based upon the supposition that a greater percentage of casino customers are smokers than the general population and therefore a smoking ban for casinos may result in an economic hardship.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.2007.021196","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,29]],"date-time":"2008-03-29T00:30:01Z","timestamp":1206750601000},"page":"82-85","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Smoking rates among gamblers at Nevada casinos mirror US smoking rate"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"C A","family":"Pritsos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K L","family":"Pritsos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K E","family":"Spears","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024051409421355000_17.2.82.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.2004.007484"},{"key":"2024051409421355000_17.2.82.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.11.2.94"},{"key":"2024051409421355000_17.2.82.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.92.2.257"},{"key":"2024051409421355000_17.2.82.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.89.7.1018","article-title":"The impact of smoke-free workplaces on declining cigarette consumption in Australia and the United States.","volume":"89","author":"Chapman","year":"1999","journal-title":"American J Public Health"},{"key":"2024051409421355000_17.2.82.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.325.7357.188"},{"key":"2024051409421355000_17.2.82.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.12.2.231"},{"key":"2024051409421355000_17.2.82.7","unstructured":"Dobra J . Economic impacts of the proposed OSHA smoking ban on the state of Nevada. Dec 1996. Philip Morris. Bates No 2072360688\/0711. http:\/\/legacy.library.ucsf.edu\/tid\/xzx97d00 [Accessed 30 Sept 2003]."},{"key":"2024051409421355000_17.2.82.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archfami.8.6.515"},{"key":"2024051409421355000_17.2.82.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JOGS.0000016704.06088.85"},{"key":"2024051409421355000_17.2.82.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2296-7-25"},{"key":"2024051409421355000_17.2.82.11","unstructured":"Campaign for Tobacco Free Kids. Smoke-free laws, protecting our right to breathe clean air 2007; updated 30 Jan 2007; http:\/\/www.tobaccofreekids.org\/reports\/shs\/ ."},{"key":"2024051409421355000_17.2.82.12","unstructured":"NJ GASP. PricewaterhouseCooper\u2014smoking ban economic effect analysis, 17 November 2005; http:\/\/www.njgasp.org\/i_economics_PWC Full report.pdf."},{"key":"2024051409421355000_17.2.82.13","first-page":"1145","article-title":"Tobacco use among adults\u2014United States, 2005.","volume":"55","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2006","journal-title":"Morb Mort Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2024051409421355000_17.2.82.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7367873"},{"key":"2024051409421355000_17.2.82.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3428103"},{"key":"2024051409421355000_17.2.82.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-9351(72)90034-5","article-title":"Contribution to the assessment of exposure of nonsmokers to air pollution from cigarette and cigar smoke in occupied spaces.","volume":"5","author":"Bridge, D, Corn M","year":"1972","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2024051409421355000_17.2.82.17","unstructured":"Fisher LD Van Belle G . Biostatistics. A methodology for the health sciences. New York: Wiley-Interscience Publication, 1993."}],"container-title":["Tobacco Control"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/tc.2007.021196","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T16:42:27Z","timestamp":1715704947000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/tobaccocontrol.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/tc.2007.021196"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,14]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/tc.2007.021196"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/tc.2007.021196","relation":{},"ISSN":["0964-4563","1468-3318"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0964-4563","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-3318","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,14]]}}}