{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T19:35:17Z","timestamp":1769110517457,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tob Control"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title><jats:p>NHS stop smoking services are expected to play a key part in achieving the infant mortality and life expectancy health inequality targets in England by reducing smoking prevalence in deprived areas. This paper assesses the extent to which services have made a contribution to reducing inequalities in smoking between 2003\u20134 and 2005\u20136.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Synthetic estimates of baseline smoking prevalence data were compared with national monitoring data about the numbers of smokers in receipt of services and the proportion who self report quitting at four weeks. The social distribution of service recipients and quitters was compared with estimates of smoking prevalence to assess impact on inequalities. Comparisons were made between officially designated disadvantaged areas (the Spearhead Group) and others.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Short-term cessation rates were lower in disadvantaged areas (52.6%) than elsewhere (57.9%) (p&lt;0.001), but the proportion of smokers being treated was higher (16.7% compared with 13.4%) (p&lt;0.001). The net effect was that a higher proportion of smokers in the most disadvantaged areas reported success (8.8%) than in more advantaged areas (7.8%) (p&lt;0.001). Using the evidence-based assumption that three-quarters of short-term quitters will relapse within one year, the absolute and relative rate gaps in smoking prevalence between Spearhead areas and others are estimated to fall by small but statistically significant amounts from 5.2 and 1.215 (CIs: 1.216 to 1.213) to 5.0 and 1.212 (CIs: 1.213 to 1.210) between 2003\u20134 and 2005\u20136.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title><jats:p>NHS stop smoking services have probably made a modest contribution to reducing inequalities in smoking prevalence. To achieve government targets, however, requires both the development of more innovative cessation interventions for the most addicted smokers and action to ensure that other aspects of tobacco control policy make a larger contribution to inequality goals.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.2007.021626","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,29]],"date-time":"2007-11-29T19:38:18Z","timestamp":1196365098000},"page":"400-404","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":101,"title":["Assessing the impact of smoking cessation services on reducing health inequalities in England: observational study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Linda","family":"Bauld","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ken","family":"Judge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Platt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024051409430863000_16.6.400.1","unstructured":"Department of Health. Tackling health inequalities: a programme for action. London: DH, 2003."},{"key":"2024051409430863000_16.6.400.2","unstructured":"Department of Health. Tackling inequalities: status report on the programme for action. London: DH, 2005."},{"key":"2024051409430863000_16.6.400.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mackenbach J Bakker M . Reducing inequalities in health: a European perspective. London: Routledge, 2002.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203167281"},{"key":"2024051409430863000_16.6.400.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68975-7"},{"key":"2024051409430863000_16.6.400.5","unstructured":"Department of Health. Tackling health inequalities: status report on the programme of action\u00e2\u0080\u00942006 update of headline indicators. London: DH, 2006."},{"key":"2024051409430863000_16.6.400.6","unstructured":"Department of Health. Smoking kills: a white paper on tobacco. London: Stationery Office, 1998."},{"key":"2024051409430863000_16.6.400.7","unstructured":"Department of Health. New NHS smoking cessation services. Health Circular 1999\/08, London: DH, 1999."},{"key":"2024051409430863000_16.6.400.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0047279405008858"},{"key":"2024051409430863000_16.6.400.9","unstructured":"Department of Heath. Smoking cessation services monitoring guidance 2000\/2001. London: DH, 2001."},{"key":"2024051409430863000_16.6.400.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S11","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.53.2008.S1","article-title":"Smoking cessation guidelines for health professionals. A guide to effective smoking cessation interventions for the healthcare system.","volume":"53","author":"Raw","year":"1998","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"2024051409430863000_16.6.400.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.55.12.987"},{"key":"2024051409430863000_16.6.400.12","unstructured":"South London and Maudsley NHS Trust. Maudsley smoking cessation clinic 2007, http:\/\/www.slam.nhs.uk\/services\/pages\/detail.asp?id\u00e2\u0080\u008a=\u00e2\u0080\u008a616."},{"key":"2024051409430863000_16.6.400.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McNeill A Raw M Bauld L Smoking treatment services in England: implementation and outcomes. Addiction 2005;100 (Suppl 2).","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2005.01022.x"},{"key":"2024051409430863000_16.6.400.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2005.01027.x","article-title":"English smoking treatment services: short term outcomes.","volume":"100","author":"Judge","year":"2005","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"2024051409430863000_16.6.400.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2005.01028.x"},{"key":"2024051409430863000_16.6.400.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2005.01026.x"},{"key":"2024051409430863000_16.6.400.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2005.01025.x","article-title":"Targeting smokers in priority groups: the influence of government targets and policy statements.","volume":"100","author":"Pound","year":"2005","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"2024051409430863000_16.6.400.18","unstructured":"North East Public Health Observatory. Are NHS stop smoking services reducing health inequalities in the north east of England? (Rep No 20). NEPHO, 2005."},{"key":"2024051409430863000_16.6.400.19","unstructured":"Lowey H Fullard B Tocque K . Are smoking cessation services reducing inequalities in health? Liverpool: NorthWest Public Health Observatory, 2002."},{"key":"2024051409430863000_16.6.400.20","unstructured":"Baker A Fowajuh G Heathcote-Elliot C . West Midlands stop smoking services: regional equity profile. Birmingham: West Midlands Public Health Observatory, 2006."},{"key":"2024051409430863000_16.6.400.21","first-page":"410","article-title":"The inverse care law.","volume":"1","author":"Tudor-Hart","year":"1971","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2024051409430863000_16.6.400.22","unstructured":"Hansard. House of Commons Hansard written answers for 17 January 2006, http:\/\/\/www.publications.parliament.uk\/pa\/cm200506\/cmhansard\/cm060117."},{"key":"2024051409430863000_16.6.400.23","unstructured":"NHS Information Centre. Statistics on NHS stop smoking services April 2005-March 2006. Leeds: NHS Information Centre."},{"key":"2024051409430863000_16.6.400.24","unstructured":"West R . Smoking and smoking cessation in England, 2006. http:\/\/www.smokinginengland.info\/Ref\/paper4.pdf."},{"key":"2024051409430863000_16.6.400.25","unstructured":"Department of Health, Social Services and Public Safety (DHSSPS). Investing for health. Belfast: DH, 2002."},{"key":"2024051409430863000_16.6.400.26","unstructured":"Health Promotion Division, National Assembly for Wales. Expert Group on Indicators of Health Inequality: Phase 1: Health Indicators, 2001, http:\/\/new.wales.gov.uk\/docrepos\/40382\/cmo\/reports\/pre-06\/phase1-e?lang\u00e2\u0080\u008a=\u00e2\u0080\u008aen."},{"key":"2024051409430863000_16.6.400.27","unstructured":"Scottish Executive. Delivering a healthy Scotland: meeting the challenge, 2006, http:\/\/www.scottishexecutive.gov.uk\/Publications\/2006\/11\/29141927\/0."},{"key":"2024051409430863000_16.6.400.28","unstructured":"Information Centre for Health and Social Care. Synthetic estimates of healthy lifestyle behaviours at PCO level, 2000\u00e2\u0080\u00932002, http:\/\/neighbourhood..statistics.gov.uk\/dissemination."},{"key":"2024051409430863000_16.6.400.29","unstructured":"Department of Health. Statistics on NHS stop smoking services in England, April 2003 to March 2004, Statistical Bulletin 2004\/18. London: DH, 2004."},{"key":"2024051409430863000_16.6.400.30","unstructured":"NHS Health and Social Care Information Centre. Statistics on NHS stop smoking services in England, April 2004 to March 2005, Statistical Bulletin 2005\/03\/HSCIC. Lifestyles Statistics, Table 19 and Annex B para 4."},{"key":"2024051409430863000_16.6.400.31","unstructured":"Statistics on NHS Stop Smoking Services in England. April 2005 to March 2006, Bulletin 2006\/14\/HSCIC. Leeds: The Information Centre, Lifestyles\u00e2\u0080\u0099 Statistics, 2006."},{"key":"2024051409430863000_16.6.400.32","unstructured":"Department of Health. NHS smoking cessation services: service and monitoring guidance 2001\u00e2\u0080\u009302, London: DH, 2001. http:\/\/www.dh.gov.uk\/en\/Publicationsandstatistics\/Publications\/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance\/DH_4008602."},{"key":"2024051409430863000_16.6.400.33","unstructured":"Jarvis M Wardle J . Social patterning of individual health behaviours: the case of cigarette smoking. In: Marmot M Wilkinson R , ed. Social determinants of health. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999."},{"key":"2024051409430863000_16.6.400.34","unstructured":"Bauld L Ferguson J Lawson L Tackling smoking in Glasgow: final report. Glasgow: Glasgow Centre for Population Health, 2006."},{"key":"2024051409430863000_16.6.400.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7405.28"},{"key":"2024051409430863000_16.6.400.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.328.7440.631"},{"key":"2024051409430863000_16.6.400.37","unstructured":"Macintyre S . Socio-economic inequalities in health in Scotland. Social Justice Annual Report 2001. Edinburgh: Scottish Executive, 2001."},{"key":"2024051409430863000_16.6.400.38","unstructured":"Bell K McCullough L Greaves L The effectiveness of National Health Service intensive treatments for smoking cessation in England: a systematic review. London: National Institute for Clinical Excellence, 2007, http:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/page.aspx?o\u00e2\u0080\u008a=\u00e2\u0080\u008a404427."},{"key":"2024051409430863000_16.6.400.39","unstructured":"Department of Health. Summary of options for providing short term additional LSSS capacity linked to the implementation of the Health Act in July 2007. London: Tobacco Policy Team, DH, March, 2007."}],"container-title":["Tobacco Control"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/tc.2007.021626","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T16:43:37Z","timestamp":1715705017000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/tobaccocontrol.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/tc.2007.021626"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,29]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,29]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/tc.2007.021626"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/tc.2007.021626","relation":{},"ISSN":["0964-4563","1468-3318"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0964-4563","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-3318","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,29]]}}}