{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:23:47Z","timestamp":1789431827572,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tob Control"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title><jats:p>An analysis of airborne nicotine measurements collected in 49 low-income, multi-unit residences across the Greater Boston Area.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nicotine concentrations were determined using passive monitors placed in homes over a one-week sampling period and air exchange rates (AER) were sampled using the perfluorocarbon tracer technique. Residents were surveyed through a questionnaire about smoking behaviour and a visual inspection was conducted to collect information on housing characteristics contributing to secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure. Using a mass balance model to account for the air exchange rate, volume of the home and sorption and re-emission of nicotine on indoor surfaces, the effective smoking rate (SR<jats:sub>eff<\/jats:sub>) was determined for each residence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nicotine levels ranged from the limit of detection to 26.92 \u03bcg\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>, with a mean of 2.20 \u03bcg\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>and median of 0.13 \u03bcg\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>. Nicotine measurements were significantly associated with the number of smokers in the household and the number of cigarettes smoked in the home. The results of this study suggest that questionnaire reports can provide a valid estimate of residential exposure to tobacco smoke. In addition, this study found evidence that tobacco smoke contamination in low-income housing developments is not limited to homes with smokers (either residing in the home or visiting). The frequent report of tobacco smoke odour coming from other apartments or hallways resulted in increased levels of nicotine concentrations and SR<jats:sub>eff<\/jats:sub>in non-smoking homes, suggestive of SHS infiltration from neighbouring units.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings have important implications for smoking regulations in multi-unit homes and highlight the need to reduce involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke among low-income housing residents.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.2009.029728","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,14]],"date-time":"2009-08-14T02:14:30Z","timestamp":1250216070000},"page":"438-444","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":137,"title":["Indoor concentrations of nicotine in low-income, multi-unit housing: associations with smoking behaviours and housing characteristics"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"T A","family":"Kraev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G","family":"Adamkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S K","family":"Hammond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J D","family":"Spengler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024051410015395000_18.6.438.1","unstructured":"US Department of Health and Human Services. The health consequences of involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke: a report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control, Coordinating Center for Health Promotion, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2006."},{"key":"2024051410015395000_18.6.438.2","unstructured":"US Environmental Protection Agency. Health effects of passive smoking: assessment of lung cancer in adults, and respiratory disorders in children, 1992. Report no EPA\/600\/6-90\/006F. Washington, DC, USA: US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, 1992."},{"key":"2024051410015395000_18.6.438.3","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute. Health effects of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke: the report of the California Environmental Protection Agency smoking and tobacco control monograph, 1999. Report no 10. Bethesda, MD, USA: Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, 1999."},{"key":"2024051410015395000_18.6.438.4","unstructured":"California Environmental Protection Agency. Proposed identification of environmental tobacco smoke as a toxic air contaminant. Sacramento, CA, USA: Cal EPA, Air Resources Board, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, 2005."},{"key":"2024051410015395000_18.6.438.5","unstructured":"US Environmental Protection Agency. The national survey on environmental management of asthma and children\u2019s exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (NSEMA\/CEE). Washington, DC: US Environmental Protection Agency, 2004."},{"key":"2024051410015395000_18.6.438.6","unstructured":"Helburn A . A case for smoke free housing. Boston, MA: Asthma Regional Council of New England, The Medical Foundation, 2007."},{"key":"2024051410015395000_18.6.438.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Repace J . Exposure to secondhand smoke. In: Ott W R Steinemann A C Wallace L A , eds. Exposure analysis. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2007:201\u2013231.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420012637.ch9"},{"key":"2024051410015395000_18.6.438.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.13.6.516"},{"key":"2024051410015395000_18.6.438.9","unstructured":"ASHRAE. ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2003, ventilation and acceptable indoor air quality in low-rise residential buildings. 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In: Measurement of toxic and related air pollutants.Environmental Protection Agency\/Air and Waste Management Association International Symposium, 2\u20135 May 1989, Raleigh, North Carolina. 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Infiltration of secondhand smoke into condominiums, apartments and other multi-unit dwellings. St. Paul, MN: Tobacco Control Legal Consortium, 2004."}],"container-title":["Tobacco Control"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/tc.2009.029728","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T17:02:24Z","timestamp":1715706144000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/tobaccocontrol.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/tc.2009.029728"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,13]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,2]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/tc.2009.029728"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/tc.2009.029728","relation":{},"ISSN":["0964-4563","1468-3318"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0964-4563","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-3318","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,13]]}}}