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They have reported different sex-related and age-related vulnerabilities; nevertheless, little is known about how this effect has changed over time and how it varies in space. This study aims to evaluate the association between asthma hospitalisation and warm temperature and investigate vulnerabilities by age, sex, time and space.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We retrieved individual-level data on summer asthma hospitalisation at high temporal (daily) and spatial (postcodes) resolutions during 2002\u20132019 in England from the NHS Digital. Daily mean temperature at 1 km\u00d71 km resolution was retrieved from the UK Met Office. We focused on lag 0\u20133\u2009days. We employed a case\u2013crossover study design and fitted Bayesian hierarchical Poisson models accounting for possible confounders (rainfall, relative humidity, wind speed and national holidays).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>After accounting for confounding, we found an increase of 1.11% (95% credible interval: 0.88% to 1.34%) in the asthma hospitalisation risk for every 1\u00b0C increase in the ambient summer temperature. The effect was highest for males aged 16\u201364 (2.10%, 1.59% to 2.61%) and during the early years of our analysis. We also found evidence of a decreasing linear trend of the effect over time. Populations in Yorkshire and the Humber and East and West Midlands were the most vulnerable.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study provides evidence of an association between warm temperature and hospital admission for asthma. The effect has decreased over time with potential explanations including temporal differences in patterns of heat exposure, adaptive mechanisms, asthma management, lifestyle, comorbidities and occupation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax-2022-219901","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]],"date-time":"2023-04-17T13:29:22Z","timestamp":1681738162000},"page":"875-881","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Asthma hospitalisations and heat exposure in England: a case\u2013crossover study during 2002\u20132019"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"78","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7493-9334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Garyfallos","family":"Konstantinoudis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9166-3958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cosetta","family":"Minelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holly Ching Yu","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0205-9025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elaine","family":"Fuertes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joan","family":"Ballester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bethan","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Maria","family":"Vicedo-Cabrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Gasparrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Blangiardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024051320414205000_78.9.875.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2011.10.024"},{"key":"2024051320414205000_78.9.875.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30157-0","article-title":"Chronic respiratory diseases: a global view","volume":"8","author":"Labaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"2024051320414205000_78.9.875.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2004.1935.x"},{"key":"2024051320414205000_78.9.875.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-016-0657-8","article-title":"The epidemiology, healthcare and societal burden and costs of asthma in the UK and its member nations: analyses of standalone and linked national databases","volume":"14","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"2024051320414205000_78.9.875.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.3109\/02770903.2012.738268","article-title":"What do we know about asthma triggers? 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