{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T12:10:05Z","timestamp":1782907805597,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","funder":[{"name":"Victorian Government\u2019s Operational Infrastructure Support Program","award":["no award\/grant number"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["no award\/grant number"]}]},{"name":"National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia","award":["Leadership Level 1 #2016390"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Leadership Level 1 #2016390"]}]},{"name":"National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia","award":["Project Grant #108702"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project Grant #108702"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Thorax"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Preterm birth is associated with poor expiratory airflow, but spirometry phenotypes are not well-described.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To characterise abnormal spirometry phenotypes at age 8 years in children born either extremely preterm (EP; &lt;28 weeks\u2019 gestation) or extremely low birth weight (ELBW; &lt;1000\u2009g birth weight), and to describe the early-life (perinatal and early growth) variables associated with each phenotype.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants comprised survivors born EP\/ELBW in Victoria, Australia, in three eras (1991\u20131992, 1997 and 2005) and contemporaneous term-born controls with spirometry data at 8 years. Abnormal spirometry phenotypes included: prematurity-associated obstructive lung disease (POLD), prematurity-associated preserved ratio of impaired spirometry (pPRISm) and prematurity-associated dysanapsis (pDysanapsis). Lung volumes measured by plethysmography and early-life variables were compared between each abnormal and the normal spirometry phenotype.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, 29% (156\/544) of children born EP\/ELBW had an abnormal spirometry phenotype compared with 9% (47\/524) term-born controls (OR 4.06, 95% CI 2.85 to 5.79; p&lt;0.001). Compared with children born EP\/ELBW with normal spirometry (71%), children born EP\/ELBW with pPRISm (11%) had reduced total lung volume. Both POLD (8%) and pPRISm phenotypes showed evidence of air trapping. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia was associated with both POLD and pPRISm. Lower gestational age and poorer weight gain between birth and 2 years were associated with pPRISm. No early life variables were associated with pDysanapsis (9%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Over one-quarter of children born EP\/ELBW have abnormal spirometry phenotypes. Abnormal spirometry phenotypes differ in their associations with perinatal or early growth variables.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax-2024-222602","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T02:45:28Z","timestamp":1754966728000},"page":"150-155","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Spirometry phenotypes at 8 years in children born extremely preterm or with extremely low birth weight"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"81","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8164-7708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tugba","family":"Alarcon-Martinez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Newborn Services, The Royal Women\u2019s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5933-8917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rheanna 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