{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T20:54:58Z","timestamp":1758056098046,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"10","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30ES023515"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30ES023515"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000052","name":"NIH Office of the Director","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UG3OD023271","UG3OD023337","UG3OD035519","UH3OD023271","UH3OD023337","UH3OD035519"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UG3OD023271","UG3OD023337","UG3OD035519","UH3OD023271","UH3OD023337","UH3OD035519"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K24HL150312","R01HL109977","R01HL132338"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K24HL150312","R01HL109977","R01HL132338"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1TR004419"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR004419"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017476","name":"Urban Child Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No award\/grant number"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No award\/grant number"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017476","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Thorax"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>While childhood airway outcomes have been associated with prenatal nutrition, few studies examined carotenoids, a group of nutrients with antioxidant properties, as potential modifiers.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In n=677 mother\u2013child dyads enrolled in the Conditions Affecting Neurocognitive Development and Learning in Early Childhood cohort, we examined associations between prenatal carotenoids (\u03b1-carotene, \u03b2-carotene, \u03b2-cryptoxanthin, lycopene and zeaxanthin) and child lung function at ages 8\u20139 years. Maternal-child factors that may modify associations were also assessed.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Second-trimester plasma carotenoid concentrations were assayed and corrected for cholesterol. Outcomes included forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>), forced vital capacity (FVC) and FEV<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\/FVC z-scores. We used multivariable linear regression to investigate associations between individual carotenoids and lung function z-scores adjusting for covariates. We also examined effect modification by maternal smoking, body mass index, asthma, and child sex by including cross-product terms.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We did not detect statistically significant associations between individual carotenoid concentrations and child lung function in main effect models. Modifying effects of prenatal smoking were observed between all five carotenoids and FEV<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> (all p<jats:sub>interaction<\/jats:sub>&lt;0.05). For example, a twofold increase in \u03b1-carotene was associated with an increase in FEV<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> z-score of 0.45 (95% CI 0.08 to 0.86) among children whose mothers smoked prenatally versus a 0.01 (\u22120.08 to 0.10) change in children born to women who did not smoke.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A protective association between higher prenatal carotenoid concentrations and FEV<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> in middle childhood was observed among children whose mothers smoked during pregnancy.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax-2024-222738","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T14:50:20Z","timestamp":1751295020000},"page":"748-755","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Maternal prenatal carotenoids and child lung function: exploration of modifying factors"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"80","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0806-3324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xueying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA"},{"name":"Institute for Exposomic Research, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5942-3161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Terryl J","family":"Hartman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5951-5514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margaret","family":"Adgent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Policy, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5123-207X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4548-3010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tebeb","family":"Gebretsadik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5756-493X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marshae","family":"Nickelberry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8245-7279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaja Z","family":"LeWinn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5079-1803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6646-1374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kecia N","family":"Carroll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA"},{"name":"Institute for Exposomic Research, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA"},{"name":"Jack and Lucy Clark Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4262-2807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosalind J","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA"},{"name":"Institute for Exposomic Research, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA"},{"name":"Jack and Lucy Clark Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA"},{"name":"Department of Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025091502101096000_80.10.748.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2019.00246","article-title":"Epidemiology of Asthma in Children and Adults","volume":"7","author":"Dharmage","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"2025091502101096000_80.10.748.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.13303"},{"key":"2025091502101096000_80.10.748.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/155.5.463"},{"key":"2025091502101096000_80.10.748.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2005.10719490"},{"key":"2025091502101096000_80.10.748.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.5.2765"},{"key":"2025091502101096000_80.10.748.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0098-2997(03)00030-X"},{"key":"2025091502101096000_80.10.748.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.754707","article-title":"Effects of Oral Carotenoids on Oxidative Stress: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Studies in the Recent 20 Years","volume":"9","author":"Zhuang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"2025091502101096000_80.10.748.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114523000806"},{"key":"2025091502101096000_80.10.748.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.019067"},{"key":"2025091502101096000_80.10.748.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2005.047373"},{"key":"2025091502101096000_80.10.748.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12729"},{"key":"2025091502101096000_80.10.748.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00507-2018","article-title":"Maternal dietary antioxidant intake in pregnancy and childhood respiratory and atopic outcomes: birth cohort study","volume":"52","author":"B\u00e9dard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2025091502101096000_80.10.748.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2019.10.039"},{"key":"2025091502101096000_80.10.748.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN20051638"},{"key":"2025091502101096000_80.10.748.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sontag-Padilla LM , Burns RM , Shih RA , et al . The urban child institute CANDLE studyMethodological overview and baseline sample description. RAND Corporation, 2015.","DOI":"10.7249\/RR1336"},{"key":"2025091502101096000_80.10.748.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.05.00034805"},{"key":"2025091502101096000_80.10.748.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.117632","article-title":"Long-term ozone exposure and lung function in middle childhood","volume":"241","author":"Hazlehurst","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2025091502101096000_80.10.748.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202205-0963OC"},{"key":"2025091502101096000_80.10.748.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/41.6.943"},{"key":"2025091502101096000_80.10.748.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/34.1.44"},{"key":"2025091502101096000_80.10.748.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0135510","article-title":"Suboptimal Serum \u03b1-Tocopherol Concentrations Observed among Younger Adults and Those Depending Exclusively upon Food Sources, NHANES 2003-20061-3","volume":"10","author":"McBurney","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025091502101096000_80.10.748.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Willett W , Lenart E , Willett W . Reproducibility and validity of food frequency questionnaires. In: Nutritional Epidemiology. Oxford University Press, 2012.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199754038.003.0006"},{"key":"2025091502101096000_80.10.748.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198405103101901"},{"key":"2025091502101096000_80.10.748.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30569-X","article-title":"Structural racism and health inequities in the USA: evidence and interventions","volume":"389","author":"Bailey","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"2025091502101096000_80.10.748.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2019.07.044"},{"key":"2025091502101096000_80.10.748.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2500\/aap.2020.41.190020"},{"key":"2025091502101096000_80.10.748.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0907441"},{"key":"2025091502101096000_80.10.748.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01215-2019","article-title":"Mediterranean diet during pregnancy and childhood respiratory and atopic outcomes: birth cohort study","volume":"55","author":"B\u00e9dard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2025091502101096000_80.10.748.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2022.4401","article-title":"Effect of Vitamin C Supplementation for Pregnant Smokers on Offspring Airway Function and Wheeze at Age 5 Years: Follow-up of a Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"177","author":"McEvoy","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"2025091502101096000_80.10.748.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2012.02858.x"},{"key":"2025091502101096000_80.10.748.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2014.07.010"},{"key":"2025091502101096000_80.10.748.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9080838","article-title":"Health Effects of Carotenoids during Pregnancy and Lactation","volume":"9","author":"Zieli\u0144ska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2025091502101096000_80.10.748.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7042748"},{"key":"2025091502101096000_80.10.748.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000458465"},{"key":"2025091502101096000_80.10.748.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10091132","article-title":"Vitamin A Deficiency and the Lung","volume":"10","author":"Timoneda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2025091502101096000_80.10.748.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-13-42","article-title":"Maternal smoking and the retinoid pathway in the developing lung","volume":"13","author":"Manoli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"2025091502101096000_80.10.748.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2006.061630"},{"key":"2025091502101096000_80.10.748.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2010.12.006"},{"key":"2025091502101096000_80.10.748.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1521-6918(03)00084-2"},{"key":"2025091502101096000_80.10.748.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2016.02.019"},{"key":"2025091502101096000_80.10.748.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000003822"},{"key":"2025091502101096000_80.10.748.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00702.2009"},{"key":"2025091502101096000_80.10.748.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnim.2015.05.001"},{"key":"2025091502101096000_80.10.748.44","unstructured":"Tucker KL , Duggan CP , Jensen GL , et al . Chapter 31: carotenoids, modern nutrition in health and disease. 2026."},{"key":"2025091502101096000_80.10.748.45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Senn SS . Statistical issues in drug development. John Wiley & Sons, 2008.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470723586"}],"container-title":["Thorax"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/thorax-2024-222738","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T09:10:38Z","timestamp":1757927438000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thorax.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/thorax-2024-222738"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/thorax-2024-222738"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/thorax-2024-222738","relation":{},"ISSN":["0040-6376","1468-3296"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0040-6376"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1468-3296"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]]}}}