{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T09:39:04Z","timestamp":1786700344579,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770163200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Health Research\u2019s Health Technology Assessment","award":["Ref 6\/111\/106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Ref 6\/111\/106"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Thorax"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled Azithromycin therapy for prevention of chronic lung disease of prematurity trial assessed if early 10-day azithromycin treatment improved survival without development of chronic lung disease of prematurity when compared with placebo in 796 preterm-born infants. Since antibiotic resistance remains a significant global health priority, we had preplanned macrolide-resistance assessment in recruited infants. We, therefore, identified baseline macrolide-resistant genes in respiratory samples and determined if this was altered by azithromycin treatment. Furthermore, we assessed if macrolide-resistant bacteria isolated from respiratory samples were also resistant to other common antibiotic classes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Six common macrolide-resistant genes:\n                      <jats:italic>erm<\/jats:italic>\n                      (A),\n                      <jats:italic>erm<\/jats:italic>\n                      (B),\n                      <jats:italic>erm<\/jats:italic>\n                      (C),\n                      <jats:italic>erm<\/jats:italic>\n                      (F),\n                      <jats:italic>mef<\/jats:italic>\n                      (A\/E) and\n                      <jats:italic>msr<\/jats:italic>\n                      (A) were identified by quantitative PCR (qPCR) from serial nasopharyngeal and endotracheal aspirates from recruited infants at baseline (pretreatment), day-5, day-10 and day-14 (post treatment). Azithromycin-resistant bacteria were assessed by culture in presence\/absence of azithromycin and underlying resistance mechanisms were confirmed by qPCR. Resistance to other common antibiotics was also evaluated and molecular determinants were identified by whole genome sequencing.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      From 1108 (n=541 azithromycin, n=567 placebo) respiratory aspirates from 348 preterm infants, the overall prevalence of macrolide-resistant genes was similar in the placebo (63.7%) and azithromycin (63.9%) groups, with only\n                      <jats:italic>erm<\/jats:italic>\n                      (C) gene increased by azithromycin. Azithromycin-resistant bacteria were resistant to multiple clinically used antibiotics, being associated with several different underlying resistance mechanisms. Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) were the most recovered macrolide-resistant bacteria.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Macrolide-resistant genes were noticeably prevalent in the placebo group, with minimal increase with azithromycin treatment, suggesting that, regardless of the additional use of azithromycin, judicious use of antibiotics is required in preterm-born infants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax-2025-224094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T06:10:42Z","timestamp":1770271842000},"page":"838-844","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Assessment of macrolide resistance in the respiratory tract of preterm-born infants during treatment with azithromycin in the AZTEC clinical trial"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Ali F","family":"Aboklaish","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Health, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. John","family":"Watkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Gallacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Unit, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Consoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Biotechnology Services, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Lowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Health, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian R","family":"Marchesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Digestive Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3535-7627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sailesh","family":"Kotecha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Health, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081402150675000_81.9.838.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(24)35272-3"},{"key":"2026081402150675000_81.9.838.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300"},{"key":"2026081402150675000_81.9.838.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-021-01437-2"},{"key":"2026081402150675000_81.9.838.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.163.7.2011060"},{"key":"2026081402150675000_81.9.838.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000497422"},{"key":"2026081402150675000_81.9.838.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9051539","article-title":"Present and Future of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia","volume":"9","author":"Bonadies","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2026081402150675000_81.9.838.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00068","article-title":"Perinatal Ureaplasma Exposure Is Associated With Increased Risk of Late Onset Sepsis and Imbalanced Inflammation in Preterm Infants and May Add to Lung Injury","volume":"9","author":"Glaser","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"2026081402150675000_81.9.838.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-041528","article-title":"Study protocol: azithromycin therapy for chronic lung disease of prematurity (AZTEC) - 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