{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T16:38:15Z","timestamp":1790527095291,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"9","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Thorax"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title><jats:p>Breastfeeding protects from respiratory infections in early life but its relationship to recurrent cough and other respiratory outcomes in adult life is not well established.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Infant feeding practices were assessed prospectively in the Tucson Children\u2019s Respiratory Study, a non-selected birth cohort and categorised into formula from birth or introduced &lt;1\u2009month, formula introduced \u22651\u2009to &lt;4 months and exclusive breastfeeding for \u22654 months. Infant feeding was assessed as an ordinal variable representing an increasing dose of breastmilk across the three categories. <jats:italic>Recurrent cough<\/jats:italic> was defined at 22, 26 and 32 years as \u22652 episodes of cough without a cold lasting 1\u2009week during the past year. Covariates included participant sex, race\/ethnicity and smoking as well as parental smoking, education, age and asthma. Covariates were evaluated as potential confounders for the relation between infant feeding and adult outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of the 786 participants, 19% breastfed &lt;1\u2009month, 50% breastfed \u22651\u2009to &lt;4\u2009months and 31% breastfed \u22654\u2009months. The prevalence of recurrent cough at 22, 26 and 32 years was 17%, 15% and 16%, respectively. Each ordinal increase in breastfeeding duration was associated with a decreased risk of recurrent cough in adult life: adjusted OR=0.71, (95% CI: 0.56 to 0.89), p=0.004. Additional adjustment for concurrent adult asthma, wheeze, smoking and lung volume did not change these results.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Longer duration of breastfeeding reduces the risk of recurrent cough in adult life, regardless of smoking and other respiratory symptoms, suggesting long-term protective effects on respiratory health.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2017-210841","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,21]],"date-time":"2018-05-21T16:20:27Z","timestamp":1526919627000},"page":"833-839","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Protective effect of breastfeeding on recurrent cough in adulthood"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"Kimberly D","family":"Gerhart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debra A","family":"Stern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Guerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wayne J","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando D","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne L","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020050723441933000_73.9.833.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.299.6705.946"},{"key":"2020050723441933000_73.9.833.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009540"},{"key":"2020050723441933000_73.9.833.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00178110"},{"key":"2020050723441933000_73.9.833.4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Breastfeeding and maternal and infant health outcomes in developed countries","volume":"153","author":"Ip","year":"2007","journal-title":"Evid Rep Technol Assess"},{"key":"2020050723441933000_73.9.833.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2008.04.001"},{"key":"2020050723441933000_73.9.833.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11025-7"},{"key":"2020050723441933000_73.9.833.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.11.035"},{"key":"2020050723441933000_73.9.833.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.12573","article-title":"Cough during infancy and subsequent childhood asthma","volume":"45","author":"Oren","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"2020050723441933000_73.9.833.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2003.162"},{"key":"2020050723441933000_73.9.833.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200610-1507OC"},{"key":"2020050723441933000_73.9.833.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2005.03.025"},{"key":"2020050723441933000_73.9.833.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.153.4.8616551"},{"key":"2020050723441933000_73.9.833.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201604-0753OC","article-title":"A distinct low lung function trajectory from childhood to the fourth decade of life","volume":"194","author":"Berry","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2020050723441933000_73.9.833.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)10321-5"},{"key":"2020050723441933000_73.9.833.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1863","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.156.6.9612066","article-title":"Cold air challenge at age 6 and subsequent incidence of asthma. 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