{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T02:52:00Z","timestamp":1791341520305,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Thorax"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,9,1]]},"DOI":"10.1136\/thx.52.9.760","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,11]],"date-time":"2010-01-11T19:40:22Z","timestamp":1263238822000},"page":"760-765","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":224,"title":["Urban air pollution and emergency admissions for asthma in four European cities: the APHEA Project"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"J.","family":"Sunyer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Spix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Quenel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Ponce-de-Leon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Ponka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Barumandzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Touloumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Bacharova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Wojtyniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Vonk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Bisanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Katsouyanni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pu.14.050193.002423","article-title":"Breathing better or wheezing worse? The changing epidemiology of asthma morbidity and mortality","volume":"14","author":"Weiss, K.B.; Gergen, P.J.; Wagener, D.K.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Weiss KB, Gergen PJ, Wagener DK. Breathing better or wheezing worse? The changing epidemiology of asthma morbidity and mortality. Ann Rev Public Health 1993;14: 491\u2013513.","journal-title":"Ann Rev Public Health"},{"key":"ref_2","article-title":"Advisory Group on the Medical Effects of Air Pollution Episodes. Asthma and outdoor air pollution","author":"Department of Health","year":"1995","unstructured":"Department of Health Advisory Group on the Medical Effects of Air Pollution Episodes. Asthma and outdoor air pollution. London: HMSO; 1995."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-6749(88)90131-5","article-title":"Sulfur dioxide and asthma. A double-edged sword","volume":"82","author":"Sheppard, D.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Sheppard D. Sulfur dioxide and asthma. A double-edged sword. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1988;82:961\u20134.","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)90346-Q","article-title":"Effect of low concentrations of ozone on inhaled allergen responses in asthmatic subjects","volume":"338","author":"Molfino, N.A.; Wright, S.C.; Katz, I.; Tarlo, S.; Silverman, F.; McClean, P.A.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Molfino NA, Wright SC, Katz I, Tarlo S, Silverman F, McClean PA, et al. Effect of low concentrations of ozone on inhaled allergen responses in asthmatic subjects. Lancet 1991;338:199\u2013203.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.93.06091308","article-title":"Human bronchial epithelial cell dysfunction following in vitro exposure to nitrogen dioxide","volume":"6","author":"Devalia, J.L.; Sapsford, R.J.; Cundell, D.R.; Rusznak, C.; Campbell, A.M.; Davies, R.J.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Devalia JL, Sapsford RJ, Cundell DR, Rusznak C, Campbell AM, Davies RJ. Human bronchial epithelial cell dysfunction following in vitro exposure to nitrogen dioxide. Eur Respir J 1993;6:1308\u201316.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/148.5.1363","article-title":"Ozone-induced airway inflammation in humans subjects determined by airway lavage and biopsy","volume":"148","author":"Aris, R.M.; Christian, D.; Hearne, P.Q.; Finkbeiner, W.E.; Balmes, JR","year":"1993","unstructured":"Aris RM, Christian D, Hearne PQ, Finkbeiner WE, Balmes JR. Ozone-induced airway inflammation in humans subjects determined by airway lavage and biopsy. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993;148:1363\u201372.","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1688","article-title":"Effect of nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide on airway response of mild asthmatic patients to allergen inhalation","volume":"334","author":"Devalia, J.L.; Rusznack, C.; Herdman, M.J.; Trigg, C.J.; Tarraf, H.; Davies, R.J.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Devalia JL, Rusznack C, Herdman MJ, Trigg CJ, Tarraf H, Davies RJ. Effect of nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide on airway response of mild asthmatic patients to allergen inhalation. Lancet 1994;334:1688\u201371.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)92886-X","article-title":"Effect of domestic concentrations of nitrogen dioxide on airway responses to inhaled allergen in asthmatic patients","volume":"344","author":"Tunnicliffe, W.S.; Burge, P.S.; Ayres, J.G.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Tunnicliffe WS, Burge PS, Ayres JG. Effect of domestic concentrations of nitrogen dioxide on airway responses to inhaled allergen in asthmatic patients. Lancet 1994;344: 1733\u20136.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.153.1.8542163","article-title":"The effects of ozone exposure on allergen responsiveness in subjects with asthma or rhinitis","volume":"153","author":"Jorres, R.; Nowak, D.; Magnusseen, H.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Jorres R, Nowak D, Magnusseen H. The effects of ozone exposure on allergen responsiveness in subjects with asthma or rhinitis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996;153: 56\u201364.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.153.1.8542133","article-title":"Health effects of outdoor air pollution","volume":"153","author":"Bascom, R.; PhA, Bromberg; Costa, D.A.; Devlin, R.; Dockery, D.W.; Frampton, M.W.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Bascom R, Bromberg PhA, Costa DA, Devlin R, Dockery DW, Frampton MW, et al. Health effects of outdoor air pollution. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996;153:3\u201355.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.84.5.830","article-title":"The logic in ecological: II. The logic of design","volume":"84","author":"Susser, M.B.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Susser MB. The logic in ecological: II. The logic of design. Am J Public Health 1994;84:830\u20135.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"49\u201357","key":"ref_12","first-page":"13","article-title":"Measurement issues in environmental epidemiology","volume":"101","author":"Haatch, M.; Thomas, D.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Haatch M, Thomas D. Measurement issues in environmental epidemiology. Environ Health Perspectives 1993;101:49\u201357S. 13 Katsouyanni K, Zmirou D, Spix C, Sunyer J, Shoutten JP, Ponka A, et al. Short term effects of air pollution on health: a European approach using epidemiologic time series data. The APHEA project: background, objectives, design. Eur Respir J 1995;8:1030\u20138.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspectives; Short term effects of air pollution on health: a European approach using epidemiologic time series data. The APHEA project: background, objectives, design"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.50.Suppl_1.s59","article-title":"Asthma and ambient air pollution in Helsinki","volume":"50","author":"Ponka, A.; Virtanen, M.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Ponka A, Virtanen M. Asthma and ambient air pollution in Helsinki. J Epidemiol Community Health 1996;50:s59\u201363.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.50.10.1051","article-title":"Shortterm association of urban air pollution with emergency room visits for asthma","volume":"50","author":"Castellsague, J.; Sunyer, J.; Saez, M.; Anto, J.M.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Castellsague J, Sunyer J, Saez M, Anto JM. Shortterm association of urban air pollution with emergency room visits for asthma. Thorax 1995;50:1051\u20136.","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.93.06030337","article-title":"Reliability of a monitoring system for respiratory emergency room admissions","volume":"6","author":"Martinez, F.; Sunyer, J.; Anto, J.M.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Martinez F, Sunyer J, Anto JM. Reliability of a monitoring system for respiratory emergency room admissions. Eur Respir J 1993;6:337\u201341.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.50.Suppl_1.s63","article-title":"The effects of air pollution on daily hospital admissions for respiratory diseases in London: 1987\u201388 to 1991\u201392","volume":"50","author":"de Leon A, Ponce; R, Anderson; JM, Bland; DP, Strachan","year":"1996","unstructured":"Ponce de Leon A, Anderson R, Bland JM, Strachan DP. The effects of air pollution on daily hospital admissions for respiratory diseases in London: 1987\u201388 to 1991\u201392. J Epidemiol Community Health 1996;50:s63\u201370.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.50.Suppl_1.s42","article-title":"Short-term respiratory health effects of ambient air pollution:results on the APHEA project in Paris","volume":"50","author":"Dab, W.; Medina, S.; Quenel, P.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Dab W, Medina S, Quenel P. Short-term respiratory health effects of ambient air pollution:results on the APHEA project in Paris. J Epidemiol Community Health 1996;50: s42\u20136.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199501193320301","article-title":"Asthma and wheezing in the first 6 years of life","volume":"332","author":"Martinez, F.D.; Wright, A.L.; Halonen, M.; Morgan, W.J.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Martinez FD, Wright AL, Halonen M, Morgan WJ. Asthma and wheezing in the first 6 years of life. N Engl J Med 1995;332:133\u20138.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.50.Suppl_1.s76","article-title":"Air pollution and mortality in Barcelona","volume":"50","author":"Sunyer, J.; Castellsague, J.; Saez, M.; Tob\u0131as, A.; Anto, J.M.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Sunyer J, Castellsague J, Saez M, Tob\u0131as A, Anto JM. Air pollution and mortality in Barcelona. J Epidemiol Community Health 1996;50:s76\u201380.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.50.Suppl_1.S12","article-title":"Shortterm effects of air pollution on health: a European approach using epidemiologic time series data: the APHEA protocol","volume":"50","author":"Katsouyanni, K.; Schwartz, J.; Spix, C.; Zmirou, D.; Zanobetti, A.; Wojtyniak, B.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Katsouyanni K, Schwartz J, Spix C, Zmirou D, Zanobetti A, Wojtyniak B, et al. Shortterm effects of air pollution on health: a European approach using epidemiologic time series data: the APHEA protocol. J Epidemiol Community Health 1996;50:s12\u201318.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.50.Suppl_1.S3","article-title":"Methodological issues of air pollution and daily counts of deaths or hospital admissions","volume":"50","author":"Schwartz, J.; Spix, C.; Touloumi, G.; Bacharova, L.; Barumandzadeh, T.; Le Tertre, A.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Schwartz J, Spix C, Touloumi G, Bacharova L, Barumandzadeh T, Le Tertre A, et al. Methodological issues of air pollution and daily counts of deaths or hospital admissions. J Epidemiol Community Health 1996;50:s3\u201311.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036084","article-title":"Meta-analysis: state of the science","author":"Dickerson, K.; Berlin, J.A.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Dickerson K, Berlin JA. Meta-analysis: state of the science. Epidemiol Rev 1992;154\u201376.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Rev"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.150.3.8087333","article-title":"Air pollution and hospital admissions for the elderly in Birmingham, Alabama","volume":"150","author":"Schwartz, J.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Schwartz J. Air pollution and hospital admissions for the elderly in Birmingham, Alabama. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;150:648\u201355.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1080\/00039896.1991.9934386","article-title":"Asthma and low level air pollution in Helsinki","volume":"46","author":"Ponka, A.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Ponka A. Asthma and low level air pollution in Helsinki. Arch Environ Health 1991;46:262\u201370.","journal-title":"Arch Environ Health"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.48.3.244","article-title":"Association of severe asthma attacks with weather, pollen and air pollution","volume":"48","author":"Rossi, O.V.; Kimula, V.L.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Rossi OV, Kimula VL. Association of severe asthma attacks with weather, pollen and air pollution. Thorax 1993;48: 244\u20138.","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a117541","article-title":"Air pollution and hospital admissions for cardiovascular disease in","volume":"1","author":"Schwartz, J.; Morris, R.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Schwartz J, Morris R. Air pollution and hospital admissions for cardiovascular disease in Detroit, Michigan. Am J Epidemiol 1995;1:23\u201335.","journal-title":"Detroit, Michigan. Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/147.4.826","article-title":"Particulate air pollution and hospital emergency room visits for asthma in Seattle","volume":"147","author":"Schwartz, J.; Slater, D.; Larson, T.V.; Pierson, W.E.; Koenig, J.Q.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Schwartz J, Slater D, Larson TV, Pierson WE, Koenig JQ. Particulate air pollution and hospital emergency room visits for asthma in Seattle. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993;147: 826\u201331.","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/144.3_Pt_1.668","article-title":"Respiratory health and PM10 pollution. A daily time series analysis","volume":"144","author":"Pope, C.A.; Dockery, D.W.; Spengler, J.D.; Raizenne, M.E.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Pope CA, Dockery DW, Spengler JD, Raizenne ME. Respiratory health and PM10 pollution. A daily time series analysis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991;144:668\u201374.","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"848","article-title":"Hospital admissions rates for asthma and respiratory diseases in West Midlands: their relationship to air pollution levels","volume":"50","author":"Walters, S.M.; Phupinyokul, M.; Ayres, J.G.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Walters SM, Phupinyokul M, Ayres JG. Hospital admissions rates for asthma and respiratory diseases in West Midlands: their relationship to air pollution levels. Thorax 1995;50: 848\u201354.","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-8707(67)90047-0","article-title":"A study on the epidemiology of asthma in children of Philadelphia","volume":"39","author":"Girsh, L.; Shubin, E.; Dick, C.H.","year":"1967","unstructured":"Girsh L, Shubin E, Dick CH. A study on the epidemiology of asthma in children of Philadelphia. J Allergy 1967;39: 347\u201357.","journal-title":"J Allergy"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"1","article-title":"Air pollution and respiratory infections in children","volume":"20","author":"Douglas, J.W.B.; Waller, R.E.","year":"1966","unstructured":"Douglas JWB, Waller RE. Air pollution and respiratory infections in children. Br J Prev Soc Med 1966;20:1\u20138.","journal-title":"Br J Prev Soc Med"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-9351(87)80032-4","article-title":"Air pollution and hospital admissions in southern Ontario: the acid summer haze effect","volume":"43","author":"Bates, D.V.; Sizto, R.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Bates DV, Sizto R. Air pollution and hospital admissions in southern Ontario: the acid summer haze effect. Environ Res 1987;43:317\u201331.","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI108281","article-title":"Effect of short-term, low-level nitrogen exposure on bronchial sensitivity of asthmatic patients","volume":"57","author":"Orehe, J.; Massari, J.P.; Gayrard, P.; Grimaud, C.; Charpin, J.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Orehe J, Massari JP, Gayrard P, Grimaud C, Charpin J. Effect of short-term, low-level nitrogen exposure on bronchial sensitivity of asthmatic patients. J Clin Invest 1976; 57:301\u20137.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"273","article-title":"Does nitrogen dioxide exposure increase airways responsiveness? Toxicol Ind","volume":"8","author":"Folinsbee, L.J.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Folinsbee LJ. Does nitrogen dioxide exposure increase airways responsiveness? Toxicol Ind Health 1992;8:273\u201383.","journal-title":"Health"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.1993.tb02402.x","article-title":"Pulmonary function changes in asthmatics associated with low-level SO2 and NO2 air pollution, weather, and medicine intake","volume":"48","author":"Moseholm, L.; Taudorf, E.; Frosing, A.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Moseholm L, Taudorf E, Frosing A. Pulmonary function changes in asthmatics associated with low-level SO2 and NO2 air pollution, weather, and medicine intake. Allergy 1993;48:334\u201344.","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1006\/enrs.1994.1068","article-title":"Effects of moderate NO2 air pollution on lung function of children with asthma symptoms","volume":"67","author":"Moseler, M.; Hendel-Kramer, A.; Karmaus, W.; Forster, J.; Weiss, K.; Urbanek, R.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Moseler M, Hendel-Kramer A, Karmaus W, Forster J, Weiss K, Urbanek R, et al. Effects of moderate NO2 air pollution on lung function of children with asthma symptoms. Environ Res 1994;67:109\u201324.","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.150.5.7952546","article-title":"Acute effects of summer air pollution on respiratory symptom reporting in children","volume":"150","author":"Schwartz, J.; Dockery, D.W.; Neas, L.M.; Wypij, D.; Ware, J.H.; Spengler, J.D.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Schwartz J, Dockery DW, Neas LM, Wypij D, Ware JH, Spengler JD, et al. Acute effects of summer air pollution on respiratory symptom reporting in children. Am Rev Respir Dis 1994;150:1234\u201342.","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"}],"container-title":["Thorax"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/thx.52.9.760","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,29]],"date-time":"2023-05-29T13:10:45Z","timestamp":1685365845000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thorax.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/thx.52.9.760"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1997,9,1]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/thx.52.9.760","relation":{},"ISSN":["0040-6376"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0040-6376","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1997,9,1]]}}}