{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T03:40:14Z","timestamp":1781840414524,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Trauma Surg Acute Care Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Necrotizing fasciitis is a potentially lethal condition for which early and adequate treatment with surgical debridement and broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotics are essential for survival. It is hypothesized that Group A Streptococcus (GAS) necrotizing fasciitis causes exhaustion of the immune system, making these patients more susceptible for late secondary infections.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A retrospective study was conducted of all patients with necrotizing fasciitis between 2002 and 2016. Patients with necrotizing fasciitis based on macroscopic findings, positive Gram staining, culture or fresh frozen section of fascia biopsies were included. Patients with necrotizing fasciitis were divided into two groups based on the presence of GAS. Of both groups, clinical course, outcome and occurrence of late secondary infections were analyzed. For the occurrence of secondary infections, pneumonia was chosen as reference for late secondary infections.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Eighty-one patients with necrotizing fasciitis were included of which 38 (47%) had GAS necrotizing fasciitis and 43 (53%) had non-GAS necrotizing fasciitis. Patients with GAS necrotizing fasciitis were younger (50 vs. 61 years, p=0.023) and more often classified as ASA I (45% vs. 14%, p=0.002) compared with patients with non-GAS necrotizing fasciitis. In-hospital mortality rate for necrotizing fasciitis was 32%. Patients with comorbidities were more likely to die of necrotizing fasciitis compared with patients without comorbidities (OR 7.41, 95%\u2009CI 1.58 to 34.63). Twelve patients (39%) with GAS necrotizing fasciitis developed pneumonia compared with four patients (13%) with non-GAS necrotizing fasciitis (p=0.017; OR 4.42, 95%\u2009CI 1.124 to 15.79). Median time from diagnosis to development of pneumonia in patients with GAS necrotizing fasciitis was 10 days (IQR 9).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Patients with GAS necrotizing fasciitis have an increased risk to develop late secondary infections during initial treatment for necrotizing fasciitis compared with patients with necrotizing fasciitis without involvement of GAS. This suggests exhaustion of the immune system after severe GAS infection.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Level of evidence<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>III<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/tsaco-2018-000272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,6]],"date-time":"2019-02-06T09:05:41Z","timestamp":1549443941000},"page":"e000272","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Exhaustion of the immune system by Group A Streptococcus necrotizing fasciitis: the occurrence of late secondary infections in a retrospective study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8390-4483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Femke","family":"Nawijn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgery, Universitair Medisch Centrum Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma C E","family":"Wassenaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgery, Universitair Medisch Centrum Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands"},{"name":"Surgery, Sint Antonius Ziekenhuis, Nieuwegein, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diederik P J","family":"Smeeing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgery, Universitair Medisch Centrum Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bart J M","family":"Vlaminckx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology, Sint Antonius Ziekenhuis, Nieuwegein, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan Siert K","family":"Reinders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgery, Groene Hart Ziekenhuis, Gouda, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Wille","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgery, Sint Antonius Ziekenhuis, Nieuwegein, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luke P H","family":"Leenen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgery, Universitair Medisch Centrum Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Falco","family":"Hietbrink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgery, Universitair Medisch Centrum Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025081711062121000_4.1.e000272.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-016-4576-0","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections in the intensive care unit: a review","volume":"42","author":"Burnham","year":"2016","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"2025081711062121000_4.1.e000272.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1089\/sur.2008.112","article-title":"Predicting death in necrotizing soft tissue infections: a clinical score","volume":"10","author":"Anaya","year":"2009","journal-title":"Surgical Infections"},{"key":"2025081711062121000_4.1.e000272.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wong CH , Chang HC , Pasupathy S , Khin LW , Tan JL , Low CO . 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