{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T00:37:23Z","timestamp":1781311043842,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]],"date-time":"2021-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621296000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":17,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Trauma Surg Acute Care Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>There is a critical need for non-narcotic analgesic adjuncts in the treatment of thoracic pain. We evaluated the efficacy of intercostal cryoneurolysis as an analgesic adjunct for chest wall pain, specifically addressing the applicability of intercostal cryoneurolysis for pain control after chest wall trauma.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A systematic review was performed through searches of PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library. We included studies involving patients of all ages that evaluated the efficacy of intercostal cryoneurolysis as a pain adjunct for chest wall pathology. Quantitative and qualitative synthesis was performed.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Twenty-three studies including 570 patients undergoing cryoneurolysis met eligibility criteria for quantitative analysis. Five subgroups of patients treated with intercostal cryoneurolysis were identified: pectus excavatum (nine studies); thoracotomy (eight studies); post-thoracotomy pain syndrome (three studies); malignant chest wall pain (two studies); and traumatic rib fractures (one study). There is overall low-quality evidence supporting intercostal cryoneurolysis as an analgesic adjunct for chest wall pain. A majority of studies demonstrated decreased inpatient narcotic use with intercostal cryoneurolysis compared with conventional pain modalities. Intercostal cryoneurolysis may also lead to decreased hospital length of stay. The procedure did not definitively increase operative time, and risk of complications was low.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Given the favorable risk-to-benefit profile, both percutaneous and thoracoscopic intercostal cryoneurolysis may serve as a worthwhile analgesic adjunct in trauma patients with rib fractures who have failed conventional medical management. However, further prospective studies are needed to improve quality of evidence.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Level of evidence<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Level IV systematic reviews and meta-analyses.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/tsaco-2021-000690","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]],"date-time":"2021-05-18T11:45:35Z","timestamp":1621338335000},"page":"e000690","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Efficacy of intercostal cryoneurolysis as an analgesic adjunct for chest wall pain after surgery or trauma: systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Peter I","family":"Cha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9928-4557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jung Gi","family":"Min","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Advait","family":"Patil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1639-8781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeff","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nishita N","family":"Kothary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph D","family":"Forrester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025081711104033000_6.1.e000690.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2005.07.022"},{"key":"2025081711104033000_6.1.e000690.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1080\/01616412.1995.11740333","article-title":"Mechanism research of cryoanalgesia","volume":"17","author":"Zhou","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurol Res"},{"key":"2025081711104033000_6.1.e000690.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saberski LR . Chapter 170 - Cryoneurolysis. Waldman SDB , Pain management: W.B. 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Mastier C , Pilleul F , Chvetzoff G . 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Early Percutaneous Cryoablation for Pain Control After Rib Fractures Among Elderly Patients 2021 [Identifier NCT03557788]. https:\/\/ClinicalTrials.gov\/show\/NCT04482582 ."}],"container-title":["Trauma Surgery &amp; Acute Care Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/tsaco-2021-000690","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,17]],"date-time":"2025-08-17T18:10:51Z","timestamp":1755454251000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/tsaco.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/tsaco-2021-000690"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/tsaco-2021-000690"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/tsaco-2021-000690","relation":{},"ISSN":["2397-5776"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2397-5776","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}}}