{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T19:00:24Z","timestamp":1793732424573,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]],"date-time":"2024-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720656000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":10,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Trauma Surg Acute Care Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Ballistic embolism (BE) is a rare complication of firearm injuries notoriously associated with a vexing clinical picture in the trauma bay. Unless considered early, the associated confusion can lead to needless delay in the management of the patient with a gunshot wound. Despite this known entity, there is a relative paucity of high-grade evidence regarding complications, management, and follow-up in these patients.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>An electronic database literature search was conducted to identify cases of acute intravascular BE in pediatric and adult civilians occurring during index hospitalization, filtered to publications during the past 10 years. Exclusion criteria included non-vascular embolization, injuries occurring in the military setting, and delayed migration defined as occurring after discharge from the index hospitalization.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 136 cases were analyzed. Nearly all cases of BE occurred within 48 hours of presentation. Compared with venous emboli, arterial emboli were significantly more likely to be symptomatic (71% vs. 7%, p&lt;0.001), and 43% of patients developed symptoms attributable to BE in the trauma bay. In addition, arterial emboli were significantly less likely to be managed non-invasively (19% vs. 49%, p&lt;0.001). Open retrieval was significantly more likely to be successful compared with endovascular attempts (91% vs. 29%, p&lt;0.001). Patients with arterial emboli were more likely to receive follow-up (52% vs. 39%) and any attempt at retrieval during the hospitalization was significantly associated with outpatient follow-up (p=0.034). All but one patient remained stable or had clinically improved symptoms after discharge.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Consideration for BE is reasonable in any patient with new or persistent unexplained signs or symptoms, especially during the first 48 hours after a penetrating firearm injury. Although venous BE can often be safely observed, arterial BE generally necessitates urgent retrieval. Patients who are managed non-invasively may benefit from follow-up in the first year after injury.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/tsaco-2024-001390","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]],"date-time":"2024-07-11T08:50:32Z","timestamp":1720687832000},"page":"e001390","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Diagnostic and therapeutic considerations in cases of civilian intravascular ballistic embolism: a review of case reports"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2571-7406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole","family":"Russell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Anne Burnett Marion School of Medicine, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ethan J","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anne Burnett Marion School of Medicine, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lexi R","family":"Freeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anne Burnett Marion School of Medicine, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander L","family":"Eastman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uzer","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Texas Health Harris Methodist Hospital Fort Worth, Fort Worth, Texas, USA"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Anne Burnett Marion School of Medicine at Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haley M","family":"Schluterman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anne Burnett Marion School of Medicine, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Beakes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sioned","family":"Kirkpatrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Texas Health Harris Methodist Hospital Fort Worth, Fort Worth, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer L","family":"Grant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Texas Health Harris Methodist Hospital Fort Worth, Fort Worth, Texas, USA"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Anne Burnett Marion School of Medicine at Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025082410291985000_9.1.e001390.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-197804000-00002"},{"key":"2025082410291985000_9.1.e001390.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2221-6189(14)60041-X"},{"key":"2025082410291985000_9.1.e001390.3","first-page":"293","article-title":"Gunshot wounds: ballistics, pathology, and treatment recommendations, with a focus on retained bullets","volume":"14","author":"Baum","year":"2022","journal-title":"Orthop Res Rev"},{"key":"2025082410291985000_9.1.e001390.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9610(79)90143-0"},{"key":"2025082410291985000_9.1.e001390.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2010.08.006","article-title":"The evolving management of venous bullet emboli: a case series and literature review","volume":"42","author":"Miller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"2025082410291985000_9.1.e001390.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2019.02.004","article-title":"Systematic review of civilian intravascular ballistic embolism reports during the last 30 years","volume":"70","author":"Kuo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"2025082410291985000_9.1.e001390.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement","volume":"6","author":"Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2025082410291985000_9.1.e001390.8","unstructured":"JBI . 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