{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T13:32:01Z","timestamp":1787232721363,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787184000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":50,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011624","name":"Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["255800-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["255800-00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011624","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Trauma Surg Acute Care Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Optimal timing of venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis after traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains uncertain because of competing concerns regarding thromboembolism prevention and hemorrhagic progression. National recommendations remain inconsistent, and prophylaxis is frequently delayed beyond 72 hours.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To develop and internally validate the early VTE prophylaxis in TBI (EViTBI) algorithm for identifying a reproducible low-risk cohort potentially eligible for early (&lt;24 hours) pharmacologic prophylaxis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective cohort study was performed using the American College of Surgeons Trauma Quality Improvement Program Participant Use File (2017 to 2021). Adults with isolated TBI and complete prophylaxis-timing data were included. Multivariable logistic regression generated adjusted ORs for mortality, deep vein thrombosis (DVT), and pulmonary embolism (PE). Adjusted ORs were converted to weighted log-odds (mortality\u00d72; VTE outcomes\u00d71 negative) and summed to create the EViTBI score. Expert-derived thresholds were compared with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and Youden Index analyses. Discrimination was assessed using the c-statistic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 58 418 patients, 7590 (12.9%) received early prophylaxis. EViTBI classified 44.5% as low risk, 29.9% as moderate risk, and 25.5% as high risk. Compared with high-risk patients, low-risk patients had lower mortality (OR 0.15; 95% CI 0.13 to 0.17), DVT (OR 0.19; 95% CI 0.16 to 0.23), and PE (OR 0.23; 95% CI 0.17 to 0.31). Multivariable model discrimination was strong (c=0.740.75). The composite EViTBI score demonstrated acceptable discrimination for mortality (AUC=0.68). ROC and Youden analyses supported the expert-derived thresholds.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>EViTBI identified nearly half of isolated TBI patients as a reproducible low-risk cohort in whom early prophylaxis was associated with lower mortality and VTE rates. Findings are associative and hypothesis-generating; prospective validation incorporating serial imaging and prophylaxis fidelity is required before clinical implementation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Level of evidence<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prognostic study, level III.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/tsaco-2026-002316","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T13:20:16Z","timestamp":1787232016000},"page":"e002316","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Early (&lt;24 hours) venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in traumatic brain injury: development of the EViTBI algorithm using a national cohort"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6003-3654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heather X","family":"Rhodes-Lyons","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Population Health, Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield, Wisconsin, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5675-3680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucy","family":"Martinek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Marshfield Clinic Health System, Marshfield, Wisconsin, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6883-0024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher","family":"Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trauma, Bayhealth Medical Center, Dover, Delaware, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Pepe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grand Strand Regional Medical Center, Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026082006201328000_11.3.e002316.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2016.06.382","article-title":"Timing of Pharmacologic Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis in Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: A Propensity-Matched Cohort Study","volume":"223","author":"Byrne","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Coll Surg"},{"key":"2026082006201328000_11.3.e002316.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.21.01476","article-title":"Recommendations from the ICM-VTE: Trauma","volume":"104","author":"Delegates","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"2026082006201328000_11.3.e002316.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1177\/00031348251329469","article-title":"Very Early (\u2264 24 hours) Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis Timing Based on Size and Type of Traumatic Brain Injury: A National Retrospective Analysis of Risk Stratification and Anticoagulation History in the Trauma Population","volume":"91","author":"Rhodes-Lyons","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am Surg"},{"key":"2026082006201328000_11.3.e002316.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/tsaco-2024-001708","article-title":"Variation exists in venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in traumatic brain injury despite national guidelines: insights from a recent AAST survey study","volume":"10","author":"Burczak","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trauma Surg Acute Care Open"},{"key":"2026082006201328000_11.3.e002316.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/tsaco-2020-000643","article-title":"Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in the trauma intensive care unit: an American Association for the Surgery of Trauma Critical Care Committee Clinical Consensus Document","volume":"6","author":"Rappold","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trauma Surg Acute Care 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