{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T23:25:16Z","timestamp":1768778716178,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,25]],"date-time":"2012-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1345852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":24,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Record"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The pregnancy\u2010associated hormones, progesterone (P4), pregnanediol\u20103\u2010glucuronide (PdG), relaxin (RLN) and oestrone sulphate (E1S) in plasma, saliva, milk and urine of alpacas were measured in order to assess their potential use for pregnancy diagnosis. Samples were obtained from 36 female alpacas before mating and at different stages throughout pregnancy (confirmed by ultrasonography). The hormone concentrations were determined using enzyme immunoassays. Milk samples were also tested using a commercial on\u2010farm P4 kit, designed for dairy cattle. Although the concentration of P4\u00a0in plasma, milk and urine, and the concentration of PdG in urine were significantly higher in pregnant than in non\u2010pregnant alpacas, there was no difference in the concentrations of P4 or PdG in saliva. The on\u2010farm milk P4 kit showed a sensitivity of 90 per cent for diagnosis of pregnancy and a specificity of 69 per cent for non\u2010pregnancy. The concentration of RLN in plasma increased significantly after the second month, and concentration of E1S in plasma and urine during the last month of pregnancy, whereas, there were no significant differences in RLN or E1S concentrations in saliva and milk between pregnant and non\u2010pregnant alpacas. Values of P4, RLN and E1S in plasma, and PdG and E1S in urine are comparable with the previous reports in alpacas and, therefore, can be confirmed as an indicator for pregnancy. This is the first study to include determination of pregnancy\u2010associated hormones in the saliva and milk of alpacas. However, saliva seems to be unsuitable for pregnancy diagnosis in alpacas, whereas, P4\u00a0in milk, as well as PdG and E1S in urine, seem to be adequate tools for diagnosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.100393","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,2]],"date-time":"2012-08-02T21:10:32Z","timestamp":1343941832000},"page":"195-195","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Progesterone, pregnanediol\u20103\u2010glucuronide, relaxin and oestrone sulphate concentrations in saliva, milk and urine of female alpacas (\n                    <i>Vicugna pacos<\/i>\n                    ) and their application in pregnancy diagnosis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"171","author":[{"given":"J.","family":"Volkery","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Institute of Physiological Chemistry University of Leipzig An den Tierkliniken 1 Leipzig 04103 Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Gottschalk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Institute of Physiological Chemistry University of Leipzig An den Tierkliniken 1 Leipzig 04103 Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Sobiraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Institute of Physiological Chemistry University of Leipzig An den Tierkliniken 1 Leipzig 04103 Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Wittek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Large Animal Clinic for Theriogeniology and Ambulatory Services Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Leipzig An den Tierkliniken 29 Leipzig 04103 Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Einspanier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health University of Veterinary Medicine Veterinaerplatz 1 Vienna A\u20101210 Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4320(97)00084-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-691X(91)90385-Q"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod45.4.553"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0720(15)30561-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4320(94)01374-U"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2027","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1996.208.12.2027","article-title":"Hormonal indicator of pregnancy in llamas and alpacas","volume":"208","author":"Bravo P. 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