{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T21:06:54Z","timestamp":1782853614743,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,13]],"date-time":"2013-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1365811200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Record"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Clostridium botulinum is an anaerobic spore\u2010forming bacterium prevalent in the environment, and causes botulism in man and animals via toxins. Dairy cattle may be contaminated or infected by feed, water or other environmental factors. Milk may also carry the pathogen. Hence, milk and udder samples need to be tested. The number of clinical cases of bovine botulism in Germany has been increasing since the mid\u20101990s. Besides routine samples, additional 99\u00a0milk samples from 37 farms, and 51 udder samples from 51 farms from sick animals presumably affected by botulism were tested microbiologically by the mouse bioassay. Milk from three farms (8.1 per cent) contained botulinum toxin, and from two (5.4 per cent) bacterial states of C botulinum. Ten udder samples (19.6 per cent) contained toxin, and 7 (13.7 per cent) bacterial forms, including one case where both toxin and bacteria were found. The findings are discussed. Positive milk samples containing botulinum toxin or bacteria raise concern of food safety for the human consumer. Pathological udder samples may show either infection prior to, or contamination after death.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.100418","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,8]],"date-time":"2013-02-08T22:53:38Z","timestamp":1360364018000},"page":"397-397","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Presence of\n                    <i>Clostridium botulinum<\/i>\n                    and botulinum toxin in milk and udder tissue of dairy cows with suspected botulism"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"172","author":[{"given":"H.","family":"B\u00f6hnel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology Miprolab mikrobiologische Diagnostik GmbH Marie\u2010Curie\u2010Str. 7 G\u00f6ttingen 37079 Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Gessler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology Miprolab mikrobiologische Diagnostik GmbH Marie\u2010Curie\u2010Str. 7 G\u00f6ttingen 37079 Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","unstructured":"ACMSF (ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON THE MICROBIOLOGICAL SAFETY OF FOOD)(2006a)Ad hoc group on Infant botulism. 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