{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T10:30:33Z","timestamp":1762079433443,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,21]],"date-time":"2013-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1387584000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Record"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Clostridium difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                    is an important cause of acute enterocolitis in horses. We describe five cases of\n                    <jats:italic>C difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection occurring postoperatively in Thoroughbred racehorses. Following diarrhoea or colic accompanied by a marked increase in packed cell volume (to \u226560 per cent) and leucopenia (\u22644000 cells\/\u03bcl) within two to four days after surgery in all five horses, four of them died or were euthanased because of colitis or severe diarrhoea. In these four horses, necrotising entero\u2010typhlo\u2010colitis was revealed by postmortem examination, and\n                    <jats:italic>C difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                    was recovered from the contents of the small and\/or large intestine. The remaining horse was euthanased because of marked decline in general condition and the presence of a lung abscess, from which\n                    <jats:italic>C difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                    was isolated. The horse had had severe postoperative diarrhoea before the onset of respiratory disorder; laboratory tests for\n                    <jats:italic>C difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                    were not performed on the faeces. All\n                    <jats:italic>C difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates were toxin\u2010A\u2010positive, toxin\u2010B\u2010positive and actin\u2010specific ADP\u2010ribosyltransferase (CDT)\u2010positive. The isolates were indistinguishable by pulsed field gel electrophoresis analysis, PCR ribotyping, and\n                    <jats:italic>slpA<\/jats:italic>\n                    sequence typing, and the\n                    <jats:italic>slpA<\/jats:italic>\n                    sequences and PCR ribotype patterns were identical to those of known PCR type 078. This case sequence might have been healthcare\u2010associated infection, although there was about a four\u2010month interval between each disease onset.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.101960","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,13]],"date-time":"2013-12-13T22:39:27Z","timestamp":1386974367000},"page":"607-607","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Postoperative\n                    <i>Clostridium difficile<\/i>\n                    infection with PCR ribotype 078 strain identified at necropsy in five Thoroughbred racehorses"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"173","author":[{"given":"H.","family":"Niwa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Division Epizootic Research Center Equine Research Institute Japan Racing Association, Shiba 1400\u20104 Shimotsuke Tochigi 329\u20100412 Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Kato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology II National Institute of Infectious Diseases Gakuen 4\u20107\u20101 Musashimurayama Tokyo 208\u20100011 Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Hobo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Racehorse Clinic Ritto Training Center Japan Racing Association, Misono 1028 Ritto Shiga 520\u20103085 Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Y.","family":"Kinoshita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Division Epizootic Research Center Equine Research Institute Japan Racing Association, Shiba 1400\u20104 Shimotsuke Tochigi 329\u20100412 Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Ueno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Division Epizootic Research Center Equine Research Institute Japan Racing Association, Shiba 1400\u20104 Shimotsuke Tochigi 329\u20100412 Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Y.","family":"Katayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Division Epizootic Research Center Equine Research Institute Japan Racing Association, Shiba 1400\u20104 Shimotsuke Tochigi 329\u20100412 Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Hariu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Division Epizootic Research Center Equine Research Institute Japan Racing Association, Shiba 1400\u20104 Shimotsuke Tochigi 329\u20100412 Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Oku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Division Epizootic Research Center Equine Research Institute Japan Racing Association, Shiba 1400\u20104 Shimotsuke Tochigi 329\u20100412 Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Senoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology II National Institute of Infectious Diseases Gakuen 4\u20107\u20101 Musashimurayama Tokyo 208\u20100011 Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Kuroda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Racehorse Clinic Ritto Training Center Japan Racing Association, Misono 1028 Ritto Shiga 520\u20103085 Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Nakai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Racehorse Clinic Ritto Training Center Japan Racing Association, Misono 1028 Ritto Shiga 520\u20103085 Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2006.10.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3810\/hp.2012.02.953"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","first-page":"615","article-title":"Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice","volume":"20","author":"B\u00c5verud V.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clostridium difficile diarrhea: infection control in horses"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2746\/042516403775600505"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00866-08"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2008.01790.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985813489039"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/592257"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01536-07"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1988.193.01.76","article-title":"Hemorrhagic necrotizing enterocolitis associated with Clostridium difficile infection in four foals","volume":"193","author":"Jones R. 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