{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T02:15:32Z","timestamp":1790388932806,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,7]],"date-time":"2014-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1402099200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Record"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Infectious diseases pose a severe economic burden on the UK dairy industry. This study used bulk milk antibody levels in 1088 UK dairy herds to estimate the current UK prevalence of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV), bovine herpes virus 1 (BHV\u20101) and\n                    <jats:italic>Leptospira hardjo<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Questionnaires collected under the DairyCheck scheme (MSD Animal Health) were used concurrently to gather information on farm demographics and management practices. The prevalence of active BVDV infection was 58.6 per cent, of historic BVDV exposure was 88.6 per cent, of BHV\u20101\u00a0infection was 69.2 per cent and of\n                    <jats:italic>L hardjo<\/jats:italic>\n                    was 71.9 per cent. An increasing herd size and the purchasing of replacement cattle were risk factors for the presence of all three agents. Year\u2010round calving was associated with a 1.9 times increased risk for having BVDV (P&lt;0.005). The presence of a bull was associated with a 1.5 times increased risk for having BHV\u20101 (P&lt;0.005). When compared with previous results, this study indicates a slight fall in the prevalence of BVDV within the UK dairy herd; however, BHV\u20101 and\n                    <jats:italic>L hardjo<\/jats:italic>\n                    levels appear to have remained constant. This study shows that herds purchasing cattle are at greater risk of infectious agents being present and therefore, if possible, a closed herd system should be implemented.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.102049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,1]],"date-time":"2014-05-01T04:14:11Z","timestamp":1398917651000},"page":"580-580","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Risk factors associated with high bulk milk antibody levels to common pathogens in UK dairies"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"174","author":[{"given":"D.","family":"Williams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"VetEnt Leeston 65 Station St Leeston 7632 New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. V.","family":"Winden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Production and Population Health Royal Veterinary College Potters Bar UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1477-9552.2003.tb00048.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.c5256","article-title":"Indications of a relationship between buying\u2010in policy and infectious diseases on dairy farms in Wales","volume":"167","author":"Bishop H.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Veterinary Record"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(96)01244-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","unstructured":"Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs(2011)Agriculture in the United Kingdom 2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","first-page":"347","article-title":"UK Bovine respiratory virus serosurvey","volume":"1992","author":"Hogg A. A.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proceeding of the British Cattle Veterinary Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(98)00262-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","first-page":"628","article-title":"Prevalence of bovine virus diarrhoea virus viraemia in cattle in the UK","volume":"119","author":"Howard C.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Veterinary Record"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.100542"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(98)00270-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5877(01)00239-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/AHR2005102"},{"issue":"14","key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.133.14.341","article-title":"Relationship between the levels of antibodies to bovine viral diarrhoea virus in bulk tank milk and the prevalence of cows exposed to the virus","volume":"133","author":"Niskanen R.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Veterinary Record"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","first-page":"113","article-title":"Evaluation of an enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies to bovine virus diarrhoea virus in milk","volume":"36","author":"Niskanen R.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Zentralbl Veterinarmed B"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0147-49-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.142.15.385"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","unstructured":"PritchardD. G. AllsupT. N. PennycottT. W. PalmerN. M. A. WoolleyJ. C. RichardsM. S.(1989)Analysis of risk factors for infection of cattle herds with Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo. Proceedings of the Society of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine. 1989 Exeter University UK. pp130\u2013138"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.162.3.79"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2007.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5877(99)00030-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-5-5"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Record"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1136%2Fvr.102049","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1136\/vr.102049","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T09:53:40Z","timestamp":1761558820000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1136\/vr.102049"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/vr.102049"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/vr.102049","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0042-4900","2042-7670"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0042-4900","type":"print"},{"value":"2042-7670","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]}}}