{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T05:13:01Z","timestamp":1790399581737,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,19]],"date-time":"2014-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1397865600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":18,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Record"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Medically important venomous snakes in Western Europe are\n                    <jats:italic>Vipera ammodytes<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Vipera aspis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Vipera berus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Vipera latastei<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Envenomation of dogs and other animals by these snakes receives limited attention despite the relative frequency and potential mortality and morbidity. This reflects, in part, the lack of a dedicated veterinary antivenom. Successful antivenoms are derived from antisera containing high levels of specific polyclonal antibodies that bind to, and neutralise, all the toxins present. This requires a careful choice of immunogen, animals and immunisation schedule. We detected proteomic variation in the venoms of\n                    <jats:italic>V ammodytes<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>V aspis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>V berus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>V latastei<\/jats:italic>\n                    by SDS\u2010PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulphate\u2010polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) gel electrophoresis. Consequently, we used a mixture containing equal amounts of venom from these species to immunise a flock of sheep. We demonstrate that immunisation resulted in antisera containing high levels of specific antibodies directed against the majority of toxic components found in all four snake venoms using immunoblotting, ELISA and small\u2010scale affinity chromatography assays. The latter shows that all 25 sheep responded quickly and maintained high levels of specific antibodies throughout the two\u2010year period of study. This ensures a consistent starting material for the manufacture of a reproducible veterinary antivenom, ViperaVet. Our next objectives are to purify the antibodies from our antisera and demonstrate their preclinical neutralising efficacy in murine animal studies prior to undertaking a clinical trial in envenomed patients.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.102286","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,11]],"date-time":"2014-03-11T00:09:30Z","timestamp":1394496570000},"page":"406-406","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Production and assessment of ovine antisera for the manufacture of a veterinary adder antivenom"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"174","author":[{"given":"F M S","family":"Bolton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MicroPharm Ltd Station Road Industrial Estate Newcastle Emlyn Carmarthenshire SA38 9BY UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N R","family":"Casewell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MicroPharm Ltd Station Road Industrial Estate Newcastle Emlyn Carmarthenshire SA38 9BY UK"},{"name":"Molecular Ecology and Evolution Group School of Biological Sciences Bangor University Deiniol Road Bangor LL57 2UW UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I","family":"Al\u2010Abdulla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MicroPharm Ltd Station Road Industrial Estate Newcastle Emlyn Carmarthenshire SA38 9BY UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Landon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MicroPharm Ltd Station Road Industrial Estate Newcastle Emlyn Carmarthenshire SA38 9BY 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