{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T01:22:26Z","timestamp":1791595346268,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"S2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,1]],"date-time":"2014-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1393632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Record"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Ciclosporin (Atopica; Novartis Animal Health) has been licensed for canine atopic dermatitis (AD) since 2002. Adverse events (AEs) have been reported in 55 per cent of 759 dogs in 15 clinical trials, but are rare in pharmacovigilance data (71.81 AEs\/million capsules sold). Gastrointestinal reactions were most common, but were mild and rarely required intervention. Other AEs were rare (\u22641 per cent in clinical trials; &lt;10\/million capsules sold). Hirsutism, gingival hyperplasia and hyperplastic dermatitis were rarely significant and resolved on dose reduction. Ciclosporin decreases staphylococcal and\n                    <jats:italic>Malassezia<\/jats:italic>\n                    infections in AD, and at the recommended dose is not a risk factor for other infections, neoplasia, renal failure or hypertension. The impact on glucose and calcium metabolism is not clinically significant for normal dogs. Concomitant treatment with most drugs is safe. Effects on cytochrome P450 and MDR1\u00a0P\u2010glycoprotein activity may elevate plasma ciclosporin concentrations, but short\u2010term changes are not clinically significant. Monitoring of complete blood counts, urinalysis or ciclosporin levels is not justified except with higher than recommended doses and\/or long\u2010term concurrent immunosuppressive drugs. Ciclosporin is not a contraindication for killed (including rabies) vaccines, but the licensed recommendation is that live vaccination is avoided during treatment. In conclusion, ciclosporin has a positive risk\u2010benefit profile for the long\u2010term management of canine AD.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.102471","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,28]],"date-time":"2014-03-28T16:56:38Z","timestamp":1396025798000},"page":"3-12","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Life\u2010long diseases need life\u2010long treatment: long\u2010term safety of ciclosporin in canine atopic dermatitis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"174","author":[{"given":"Tim","family":"Nuttall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies The University of Edinburgh Easter Bush Campus Roslin UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas","family":"Reece","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novartis Animal Health US 3200 Northline Avenue #300 Greensboro NC 27408 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novartis Animal Health US 3200 Northline Avenue #300 Greensboro NC 27408 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_20_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AlkharfyK. 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