{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T11:35:25Z","timestamp":1789990525828,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"S2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,1]],"date-time":"2014-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1393632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Record"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Ciclosporin is a lipophilic cyclic polypeptide with powerful immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory properties that has been used in veterinary medicine for two decades. It is a calcineurin inhibitor whose principal mode of action is to inhibit T cell activation. The drug is principally absorbed from the small intestine and is metabolised in the intestine and liver by the cytochrome P450 enzyme system. Ciclosporin is known to interact with a wide range of pharmacological agents. Numerous studies have demonstrated good efficacy for the management of canine atopic dermatitis and this has been a licensed indication since 2003. In addition to the treatment of atopic dermatitis, it has been used as an aid in the management of numerous other dermatological conditions in animals including perianal fistulation, sebaceous adenitis, pododermatitis, chronic otitis externa and pemphigus foliaceus. This article reviews the mode of action, pharmacokinetics, indications for use and efficacy of ciclosporin in veterinary dermatology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.102484","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,28]],"date-time":"2014-03-28T16:56:38Z","timestamp":1396025798000},"page":"13-21","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Ciclosporin 10 years on: indications and efficacy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"174","author":[{"given":"Peter","family":"Forsythe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Dermatology Referral Service 528 Paisley Road West Glasgow G51 1RN UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sue","family":"Paterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rutland House Referral Hospital Abbotsfield Road St Helens Merseyside WA9 4HU UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000372-200002000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.154.6.180"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2002.221.1000"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2006.00209.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2125.2003.01759.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2007.00576.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","first-page":"15","article-title":"Utilisation de la ciclosporine pour le traitement des formes rebelles de dermatite atopique canine","volume":"39","author":"Bensignor E.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pratique Medicale et Chirurgicale de L'Animal de Compagnie"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-5526"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2009.02054.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2006.00511.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2005.00471.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2005.09.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000053836"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2004.tb12153.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","first-page":"205","article-title":"Systemic therapeutic options for severe atopic dermatitis","volume":"7","author":"Bussmann C.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of the German Society of Dermatology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-199630020-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2009.00848.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1991.198.09.1645","article-title":"Cyclosporine\u2010responsive granulomatous sebaceous adenitis in a dog","volume":"198","author":"Carothers M. A.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3891","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.144.10.3891","article-title":"Cyclosporin A rapidly inhibits mediator release from human basophils presumably by interacting with cyclophilin","volume":"144","author":"Cirillo R.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2689","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V86.7.2689.2689","article-title":"Regulation of granulocyte\u2010macrophage colony\u2010stimulating factor and E\u2010selectin expression in endothelial cells by cyclosporin A and the T\u2010cell transcription factor NFAT","volume":"86","author":"Cockerill G. W.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.1998.tb00099.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2001.62.1046"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-5563"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DipR. CarmichaelJ. LetellierI. StrehlauG. RobertsE. BensignorE. RosenkrantzW.(2013)Concurrent short\u2010term use of prednisolone with cyclosporine A accelerates pruritus reduction and improvement in clinical scoring in dogs with atopic dermatitis.BMC Veterinary Researchhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1746\u20106148\u20109\u2010173","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-9-173"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.152.8.225"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","first-page":"1116","article-title":"Studies on the biologic activities of Sandimmun metabolites in humans and in animal models: review and original experiments","volume":"22","author":"Fahr A.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Transplantation Proceedings"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2006.00552.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.148.21.662"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-02-404475"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2011.01348.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2009.00862.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2012.01064.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1999.tb03023.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","first-page":"22","article-title":"Efficacy of ciclosporin in the treatment of idiopathic sterile nodular panniculitis in two dogs","volume":"11","author":"Guagu\u00e8re E.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Veterinary Dermatology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2004.00376.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","first-page":"212","article-title":"Oral cyclosporin in the treatment of end\u2010stage ear disease: a pilot study","volume":"14","author":"Hall J. A.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Veterinary Dermatology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2005.tb00267.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.12022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)11350-5","article-title":"Cyclosporine and FK506\u00a0inhibition of murine mast cell cytokine production","volume":"260","author":"Hatfield S. M.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/clin.1996.0140"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2006.00187.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.70.85"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","unstructured":"KatayamaM. KawakamiY. KatayamaR. ShimamuraS. OkamuraY. UzukaY.(2013)Preliminary study of effects of multiple oral dosing of clarithromycin on the pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine in dogs.Journal of Veterinary Medical ScienceNov 5 epub"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0039.2007.00964.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2008.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2011.00957.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2006.00220.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KovalikM. TaszkunI. PomorskiZ. KozakM. PomorskaD. SzczepanikM.OTHERS(2011)Evaluation of a human generic formulation of ciclosporin in the treatment of canine atopic dermatitis with in vitro assessment of the functional capacity of phagocytic cells.Veterinary Recordhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/vr.c7365","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.c7365"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1552-4604.1998.tb04393.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2005.226.59"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2010.00902.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1632"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","first-page":"51","article-title":"Treatment of five dogs with pemphigus foliaceus with cyclosporine and prednisolone","volume":"19","author":"Maeda H.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Veterinary Dermatology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(01)00315-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1997.211.10.1249","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of cyclosporine for treatment of perianal fistulas in dogs","volume":"211","author":"Mathews K. A.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0162-3109(00)00192-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2010.00867.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2002.tb10814.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2005.00489.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2011.00992.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.102471"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2004.tb00229.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2006.00147.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_65_1","unstructured":"OlivryT.(2004)A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis of the efficacy of cyclosporine for treatment of canine atopic dermatitis. 5th World Congress of Veterinary Dermatology. Proceedings of the AtopicaSymposium. Vienna. pp4\u201314"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2012.01088.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3164.2002.00283.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.152.2.53"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_69_1","first-page":"220","article-title":"Maintenance treatment of canine atopic dermatitis with cyclosporin: decreasing dosages or increasing intervals?","volume":"14","author":"Olivry T.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Veterinary Dermatology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2002.221.370"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.1997.6081584.x","article-title":"Cyclosporin inhibits intercellular adhesion molecule\u20101 expression and reduces mast cell numbers in the asebia mouse model of chronic skin inflammation","volume":"1361","author":"Oran A.","year":"1997","journal-title":"British Journal of Dermatology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2007.00615.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2002.220.1009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.02.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2005.00435.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.72.5.687"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2004.00360.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_78_1","first-page":"192","article-title":"Cyclosporine, ketoconazole and azathioprine combination therapy in three cases of refractory canine pemphigus foliaceus","volume":"18","author":"Rosenkrantz W. S.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Veterinary Dermatology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_79_1","first-page":"377","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of cyclosporine in animal models with cutaneous immune\u2010mediated disease and epitheliotropic lymphoma","volume":"25","author":"Rosenkrantz W. S.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_80_1","first-page":"539","volume-title":"Sebaceous adenitis: an immunohistological examination. In Advances in Veterinary Dermatology","author":"Rybnicek J.","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2010.00953.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.52.5.447"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_83_1","unstructured":"SteffanJ.(2004)Cyclosporine interactions in veterinary medicine: an update. 5th World Congress of Veterinary Dermatology. Proceedings of the Atopica symposium. Vienna. pp28\u201332"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3164.2003.00318.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2005.00491.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.154.22.681"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_87_1","first-page":"248","article-title":"Cyclosporin concentration in the skin following oral administration","volume":"14","author":"Steffan J.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Veterinary Dermatology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2005.226.1855"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2004.00587.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02171757"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2005.03.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_92_1","first-page":"854","article-title":"Influence of food intake on the clinical response to cyclosporin A in canine atopic dermatitis","volume":"159","author":"Thelen A.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Veterinary Record"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/004982599238777"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2007.11.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1994.tb02926.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-9236(95)90168-X"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Record"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1136%2Fvr.102484","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1136\/vr.102484","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T11:42:44Z","timestamp":1761651764000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1136\/vr.102484"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"S2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/vr.102484"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/vr.102484","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0042-4900","2042-7670"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0042-4900","type":"print"},{"value":"2042-7670","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]}}}