{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T02:23:46Z","timestamp":1788143026801,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,19]],"date-time":"2019-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":18,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Record"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The Scottish Beaver Trial (SBT) reintroduced the Eurasian beaver (\n                    <jats:italic>Castor fiber<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) in 2009 using wild\u2010caught Norwegian beavers. This included a six\u2010month prerelease quarantine in Devon, England. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and government guidelines for health screening were followed, including testing for\n                    <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                    species. Unlicensed beavers, from Germany, were also identified in Scotland (Tayside) and Devon (later forming the River Otter Beaver Trial (ROBT)) and were health\u2010screened under licence. Due to positive\n                    <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                    species results and lack of prerelease screening in ROBT and Tayside, beavers from Germany and Norway (range sources) were screened. One hundred and fifty\u2010six samples from 151 beavers were analysed by\n                    <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                    species quantitative PCR (qPCR) (n=73 kidney (postmortem)\/urine samples (antemortem)) or microscopic agglutination test (MAT,\n                    <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                    pools 1\u20136) (n=83 serum samples). No beavers from Norway (95 per cent confidence interval (CI) 0\u20135.6 per cent, n=52), Tayside or SBT postrelease (95 per cent\u2009CI 0\u20134.6 per cent, n=63) tested positive. Seven beavers from Germany and Devon were positive. This gives an overall 9.3 per cent (95 per cent CI 5.2\u201015.1 per cent) exposure level, of which 4.6 per cent (95 per cent CI 1.9\u20109.3 per cent) suggested infection on a positive qPCR (n=1) or MAT titre of at least 1\/400 (n=6), although none had abnormal physical, biochemical or haematological changes. This study suggests that\n                    <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                    species infection in wild Eurasian beavers occurs at a low level, has no sex bias and does not appear to cause significant morbidity or mortality.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.105429","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,29]],"date-time":"2019-08-29T17:19:23Z","timestamp":1567099163000},"page":"482-482","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Evidence of\n                    <i>Leptospira<\/i>\n                    species and their significance during reintroduction of Eurasian beavers (\n                    <i>Castor<\/i>\n                    <i>fiber<\/i>\n                    ) to Great Britain"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"185","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9927-9491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon J","family":"Girling","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Department, Living Collections Royal Zoological Society of Scotland Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gidona","family":"Goodman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Burr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biobest Laboratories Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romain","family":"Pizzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Department, Living Collections Royal Zoological Society of Scotland Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Naylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Department, Living Collections Royal Zoological Society of Scotland Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgina","family":"Cole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Department, Living Collections Royal Zoological Society of Scotland Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donna","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Department, Living Collections Royal Zoological Society of Scotland Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Fraser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"G&amp;F Academy Perth UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank Narve","family":"Rosell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Sciences and Environmental Health University of South\u2010Eastern Norway B\u00f8 Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerhard","family":"Schwab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bund Naturschutz in Bayern eV Deggendorf Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Elliott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Devon Wildlife Trust Exeter UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roisin","family":"Campbell\u2010Palmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Conservation Department Royal Zoological Society of Scotland Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.103160"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0162549"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004403"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.64443-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2017.2204"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","article-title":"Prevalence of Leptospira spp. and Seoul hantavirus in brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) in four regions in the Netherlands, 2011\u20102015","volume":"8","author":"Maas M","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect Ecol Epidemiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1997.tb05497.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2013.1562"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3207(97)00066-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","first-page":"168","article-title":"Population and distribution of Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber)","volume":"18","author":"Halley D","year":"2012","journal-title":"Baltic Forestry"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","volume-title":"The Scottish Beaver Trial: The story of Britain's\u2019 first licensed release into the wild. Final Report","author":"Jones S","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mam.12068"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/2011-06-153"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-016-1168-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cobi.12021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","unstructured":"Campbell\u2010PalmerR PuttockA GrahamH et al.Survey of the Tayside area Beaver population 2017\u20102018. Scottish natural heritage commissioned report No. 1013 Battleby Perthshire2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","unstructured":"McEwingR SennH Campbell\u2010PalmerR.Genetic assessment of free\u2010living beavers in and around the river Tay catchment East Scotland. Scottish natural heritage commissioned report No. 682 Battleby Perthsire UK2015."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-45059-8_5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","unstructured":"World Health Organisation (WHO).Human leptospirosis: guidance for diagnosis surveillance and control Malta2003."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","unstructured":"OIE chapter 2.1.12 leptospirosis in: OIE terrestrial manual 2014. Available:http:\/\/wahis2\u2010devt.oie.int\/fileadmin\/Home\/fr\/Health_standards\/tahm\/2.01.09_LEPTO.pdf[Accessed Nov 2018]."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.45860-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0128775"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Fatal leptospirosis in free\u2010ranging Eurasian beavers (Castor fiber L.), Switzerland","author":"Marreros N","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-14.2.250"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/2016-11-240"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","unstructured":"LunnKF.Overview of leptospirosis. MSD Veterinary Manual 2018. Available:https:\/\/www.msdvetmanual.com\/generalized\u2010\u2009conditions\/leptospirosis\/overview\u2010of\u2010leptospirosis[Accessed Oct 2018]."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-46.2.474"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.03.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2012.02.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/2014-10-245"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","first-page":"240","article-title":"Detection of Leptospira spp. in wildlife reservoir hosts in Ontario through comparison of immunohistochemical and polymerase chain reaction genotyping methods","volume":"55","author":"Shearer KE","year":"2014","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.c4965"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph110807562"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004501"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0186987"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Record"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1136%2Fvr.105429","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1136\/vr.105429","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T06:55:31Z","timestamp":1761634531000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1136\/vr.105429"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/vr.105429"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/vr.105429","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0042-4900","2042-7670"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0042-4900","type":"print"},{"value":"2042-7670","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]}}}