{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T04:26:58Z","timestamp":1769747218296,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,29]],"date-time":"2020-02-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582934400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":28,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Record"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Gastrointestinal stasis is a common perianaesthetic complication in rabbits. The objective of this study was to assess the impact on gastrointestinal transit time of ketamine\u2013midazolam (KMZ) versus ketamine\u2013medetomidine (later antagonised by atipamezole) (KMT\u2010A) in rabbits anaesthetised with isoflurane.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This was a cross\u2010over, randomised, single\u2010blinded, controlled, experimental trial. Seven healthy adult New Zealand White rabbits were used. Gastrointestinal transit time was assessed by contrast radiography in awake rabbits. Presence of contrast medium in the small intestine (gastric transit time), in the caecum (small intestinal transit time) and in faeces in the colon was assessed. One week later, 55\u2009minutes isoflurane anaesthesia was induced with ketamine (15\u2009mg\/kg) and either midazolam (3\u2009mg\/kg) or medetomidine (0.25\u2009mg\/kg) by intramuscular injection. Thirty minutes after discontinuation of isoflurane, atipamezole (0.5\u2009mg\/kg) was administered only to rabbits in KMT\u2010A treatment. Gastrointestinal transit time was then assessed in both treatment groups, beginning 30\u2009minutes after cessation of isoflurane administration. Two weeks later, the treatment groups were interchanged.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Gastric and small intestinal transit times were significantly longer with KMT\u2010A (92\u00b1109\u2009minutes and 214\u00b1119\u2009minutes, respectively) than with KMZ (1\u00b10\u2009minutes and 103\u00b16\u2009minutes, respectively) and in the awake state (7\u00b17\u2009minutes and 94\u00b132\u2009minutes, respectively).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Clinicians should therefore be aware of the potential gastrointestinal side effects of KMT\u2010A, particularly in rabbits at risk for gastrointestinal stasis.<\/jats:p>\n                  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