{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T15:50:46Z","timestamp":1762098646592,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,6]],"date-time":"2020-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586131200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013037","name":"Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs, UK Government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013037","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013037","name":"Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013037","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Record"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A number of European countries currently conduct mandatory farm\u2010level benchmarking for antimicrobial usage (AMU). This review describes the systems used, with emphasis on metric type and practical implications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This report describes examples of four types of metrics used to measure AMU: count\u2010based, mass\u2010based, daily dose\u2010based and course\u2010based, each with its own advantages and disadvantages.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark and Switzerland use daily dose\u2010based metrics to benchmark AMU at farm\u2010level, but each country diverges from the European Surveillance of Veterinary Antimicrobial Consumption methodology in its own way, including how the population \u2018at risk\u2019 is calculated. Germany operates a count\u2010based system. Threshold AMU values have been specified at farm\u2010level in the Netherlands, Belgium and Denmark, and action is required from producers to reduce AMU above these values. The Netherlands and Belgium also benchmark veterinarians.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>For mixed species farms common in the UK and Ireland, splitting AMU by species is recommended. It is also recommended that high priority critically important antimicrobials are benchmarked separately to other antimicrobials. No one metric is optimum; however, for ruminant livestock a daily dose\u2010based metric allows for country\u2010specific adaptations which may allow a higher degree of precision at farm\u2010level benchmarking in the UK and Ireland.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.105727","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,6]],"date-time":"2020-04-06T17:16:34Z","timestamp":1586193394000},"page":"402-402","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Evaluation of veterinary antimicrobial benchmarking systems at farm\u2010level in Europe: implications for the UK ruminant sector"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"187","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5142-0836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aimee\u2010Louise","family":"Craig","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Agri\u2010Food and Biosciences Institute Hillsborough Hillsborough UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Buijs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agri\u2010Food and Biosciences Institute Hillsborough Hillsborough UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Morrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agri\u2010Food and Biosciences Institute Hillsborough Hillsborough UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_2","unstructured":"O'NeillJ.Tackling drug\u2010resistant infections globally: final report and recommendations. The review on antimicrobial resistance 2015. Available:https:\/\/amr\u2010review.org\/sites\/default\/files\/160518_Final%20paper_with%20cover.pdf[Accessed Feb 2019]."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization.Antimicrobial resistance 2012. Available:http:\/\/who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/fs194\/en\/[Accessed Feb 2019]."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.104701"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2015.01.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_2","first-page":"5017","article-title":"ECDC, EFSA and EMA joint Scienti\ufb01c opinion on a list of outcome indicators as regards surveillance of antimicrobial resistance and antimicrobial consumption in humans and food\u2010producing animals","volume":"15","author":"ECDC, EFSA BIOHAZ Panel, and CVMP, 2017","year":"2017","journal-title":"EFSA Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_2","unstructured":"EMA.Sales of veterinary antimicrobial agents in 30 European countries in 2016 \u2013 trends from 2010\u20102016 \u2013 eight ESVAC report. EMA\/275982\/2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_2","unstructured":"DewulfJ MoulinG CatryB et al.Revised ESVAC reflection paper on collecting data on consumption of antimicrobial agents per animal species on technical units of measurement and indicators for reporting consumption of antimicrobial agents in animals. Available:http:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/docs\/en_GB\/document_library\/Scientific_guideline\/2012\/12\/WC500136456.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_2","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency.Guidance on collection and provision of national data on antimicrobial use by animal species\/categories. EMA\/489035\/2016."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_2","unstructured":"SDa.Standard operating procedure (SOP) Berekening van de DDD\/J voor antimicrobi\u00eble middelen door de Sda voor de rundvee\u2010 vleeskalver\u2010 varkens\u2010 en pluimveesector2013."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_2","unstructured":"SDa.Het gebruik van antibiotica bij landbouwhuisdieren in 2017 trends benchmarken bedrijven en dierenartsen2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_2","unstructured":"FAGG.Antibioticagebruik bij dieren registreren in SANITEL\u2010MED 2016. Available:https:\/\/www.fagg.be\/nl\/SANITEL\u2010MED[Accessed May 2019]."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_2","unstructured":"AACTING. online. Available:https:\/\/aacting.org\/monitoring\u2010systems\/[Accessed March 2020]."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_2","unstructured":"HI\u2010TIER.Handbuch f\u00fcr Tierhalter von Mastrindern und Mastk\u00e4lbern Zur Anmeldung und Durchf\u00fchrung von Mitteilungen an die amtliche zentrale Datenbank (TAM) Der hit 2014. Available:https:\/\/www.hi\u2010tier.de\/infoTA.html[Accessed Dec 2018]."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_2","unstructured":"Q\u2010S.de. online. Available:https:\/\/www.q\u2010s.de\/qs\u2010scheme\/antibiotics\u2010monitoring.html[Accessed April 2019]."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12167"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_2","unstructured":"Ministry of environment and food of Denmark. online. distribution and use of veterinary grugs in Denmark. Available:https:\/\/www.foedevarestyrelsen.dk\/english\/Animal\/AnimalHealth\/Veterinary_medicine\/Pages\/default.aspx[Accessed May 2019]."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_2","unstructured":"AMCRA.Analyse antibioticagebruik. Available:https:\/\/www.amcra.be\/nl\/analyse\u2010antibioticagebruik\/[Accessed December 2018]."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_2","unstructured":"MARAN.Monitoring of antimicrobial resistance and antibiotic usage in animals in the Netherlands in 2017. online. Available:https:\/\/www.wur.nl\/upload_mm\/7\/b\/0\/5e568649\u2010c674\u2010420e\u2010a2ca\u2010acc8ca56f016_Maran%202018.pdf[Accessed May 2019]."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_2","unstructured":"DANMAP.Use of antimicrobial agents and occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria from food animals food and humans in Denmark. online 2017. Available:http:\/\/orbit.dtu.dk\/ws\/files\/161713656\/Rapport_DANMAP_2017.pdf[Accessed May 2019]."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_2","unstructured":"BLV. online. Available:https:\/\/www.blv.admin.ch\/blv\/de\/home\/tiere\/tierarzneimittel\/antibiotika\/isabv\/anwendung.html[Accessed April 2019]."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_2","unstructured":"DVFA.Special provisions for the reduction of the consumption of antibiotics in pig holdings (the yellow card initiative 2017. Available:https:\/\/www.foedevarestyrelsen.dk\/english\/SiteCollectionDocuments\/Dyrevelfaerd%20og%20veterinaermedicin\/Veterin%C3%A6rmedicin\/Yellow%20Card %20English%20version %20180517.pdf[Accessed Dec 2018]."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_2","unstructured":"F\u00f8devareministerieM\u2010og.Bekendtg\u00f8relse Om gr\u00e6nsev\u00e6rdier for antibiotikaforbrug OG d\u00f8delighed I kv\u00e6g\u2010 OG svinebes\u00e6tninger.Milj\u00f8\u2010 og F\u00f8devaremin. F\u00f8devarestyrelsen j.nr. 2018\u201015\u201031\u201000446."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.j4680"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.104614"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12298"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.104501"},{"volume-title":"UK Veterinary Antibiotic Resistance and Sales Surveillance Report (UK\u2010VARRS)","year":"2017","author":"UK\u2010VARRS","key":"e_1_2_12_28_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102885.2011.01291.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.j5143"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Record"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1136\/vr.105727","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1136\/vr.105727","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1136%2Fvr.105727","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1136\/vr.105727","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T08:18:39Z","timestamp":1761639519000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1136\/vr.105727"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,6]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/vr.105727"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/vr.105727","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0042-4900","2042-7670"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0042-4900"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2042-7670"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,6]]}}}