{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T05:34:21Z","timestamp":1790573661206,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,22]],"date-time":"2020-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590105600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Record"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Respiratory diseases account for the highest number of clinical problems in horses compared with other body systems. While microbiological culture and sensitivity testing is essential for certain cases, knowledge of the most likely bacterial agents and their susceptibilities is necessary to inform empirical antibiotic choices.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective study of microbiological and cytological results from upper and lower respiratory samples (n=615) processed in a commercial laboratory between 2002 and 2012 was carried out. A further study of lower respiratory samples from horses with clinical signs of lower respiratory disease from May to June 2012 was undertaken.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Both studies revealed\n                      <jats:italic>Streptococcus equi<\/jats:italic>\n                      subspecies\n                      <jats:italic>zooepidemicus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Pasteurella<\/jats:italic>\n                      species,\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Bordetella bronchiseptica<\/jats:italic>\n                      as the most frequently isolated species.\n                      <jats:italic>S equi<\/jats:italic>\n                      subspecies\n                      <jats:italic>zooepidemicus<\/jats:italic>\n                      and subspecies\n                      <jats:italic>equi<\/jats:italic>\n                      were susceptible to ceftiofur (100 per cent) and erythromycin (99 per cent). Resistance to penicillin (12.5 per cent of\n                      <jats:italic>S equi<\/jats:italic>\n                      subspecies\n                      <jats:italic>equi<\/jats:italic>\n                      from upper respiratory tract samples) and tetracycline (62.7 per cent) was also detected. Gram\u2010negative isolates showed resistance to gentamicin, trimethoprim\u2010sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline but susceptibility to enrofloxacin (except\n                      <jats:italic>Pseudomonas<\/jats:italic>\n                      species, where 46.2 per cent were resistant). Multiple drug resistance was detected in 1 per cent of isolates.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Resistance to first\u2010choice antibiotics in common equine respiratory tract bacteria was noted and warrants continued monitoring of their susceptibility profiles. This can provide information to clinicians about the best empirical antimicrobial choices against certain pathogenic bacteria and help guide antibiotic stewardship efforts to converse their efficacy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.105842","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,22]],"date-time":"2020-05-22T17:16:49Z","timestamp":1590167809000},"page":"189-189","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Antibiotic resistance in bacteria associated with equine respiratory disease in the United Kingdom"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"187","author":[{"given":"Joana D","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Clinical Microbiology University College London London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1249-9561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daphne E","family":"Mavrides","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine University of Cambridge Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice L","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Clinical Microbiology University College London London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jea G","family":"Na","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Clinical Microbiology University College London London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter A","family":"Graham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Science University of Nottingham Nottingham Nottinghamshire UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4658-8594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy D","family":"McHugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Clinical Microbiology University College London London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2014.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02671.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1995.tb04423.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.146.4.91"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2000.tb11901.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5877(00)00150-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_2","volume-title":"Performance standards for antimicrobial disk and dilution susceptibility tests for bacteria isolated from animals. 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