{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T19:50:25Z","timestamp":1792871425118,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1997,11,22]],"date-time":"1997-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":880156800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":21,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Record"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The clinical and laboratory findings observed in 150 dogs naturally infected by\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania infantum<\/jats:italic>\n                    , from a large endemic area of southern Italy, are described. There was a gradual onset of clinical signs and the course of the disease was progressive in almost all the cases. The majority of the dogs were mongrels (43.3 per cent), male (64.7 per cent), of medium size (50.6 per cent), three to seven years old (64.7 per cent), and living outdoors (60 per cent). They showed generalised (56.7 per cent) or symmetrical (32 per cent) lymphadenomegaly; the mucous membranes of 87 of the dogs (58 per cent) were pale and moderate or severe splenomegaly was diagnosed in 80 dogs (53.3 per cent); weight loss was observed in 32 per cent of the animals. Skin abnormalities were very common, and included dry exfoliative dermatitis (56 per cent), ulcers (40 per cent) periorbital alopecia (\u2018lunettes\u2019) (18 per cent), diffuse alopecia (14 per cent) and onychogryphosis (24 per cent). Ocular signs were observed in 24 dogs (16 per cent) including 16 cases of keratoconjunctivitis (three with keratoconjunctivitis sicca), six cases of moderate uveitis and two cases of panophthalmitis. The acute form of the disease was diagnosed in only six dogs and was characterised by fever and generalised lymphadenomegaly, and by the absence of skin lesions. Another six dogs had severe renal failure without systemic clinical signs of leishmaniasis. The most important laboratory findings were a severe or moderate increase in gammaglobulins, hypoalbuminaemia, hyperproteinemia and anaemia. Cultures or cytology tests for\n                    <jats:italic>L infantum<\/jats:italic>\n                    parasites were positive in 134 of the dogs. Following the standard procedures developed for human lymph node and bone marrow cytology tests, the leishmania density in the dogs varied from 1+ to 2+.\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    antibody titres were high (&gt;1:160) in almost all the dogs. Immunological tests for autoantibodies were positive in 25 of 53 dogs tested in the antinuclear antibody (ANA) test, in 15 of 43 dogs tested in the latex test and in five of 24 dogs tested in the Coombs test.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.141.21.539","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,4]],"date-time":"2010-10-04T23:02:24Z","timestamp":1286233344000},"page":"539-543","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":325,"title":["A retrospective clinical study of canine leishmaniasis in 150 dogs naturally infected by\n                    <i>Leishmania infantum<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"141","author":[{"given":"P.","family":"Ciaramella","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Clinica Medica Veterinaria Universit\u00e0 Federico II Via Delpino 1 80137 Napoli Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Oliva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Clinica Medica Veterinaria Universit\u00e0 Federico II Via Delpino 1 80137 Napoli Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"De Luna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Clinica Medica Veterinaria Universit\u00e0 Federico II Via Delpino 1 80137 Napoli Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Ambrosio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Clinica Medica Veterinaria Universit\u00e0 Federico II Via Delpino 1 80137 Napoli Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Cortese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Clinica Medica Veterinaria Universit\u00e0 Federico II Via Delpino 1 80137 Napoli Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Persechino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Clinica Medica Veterinaria Universit\u00e0 Federico II Via Delpino 1 80137 Napoli Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Gradoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratono di Parassitologia Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0 Viale Regina Elena 299 Roma Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Scalone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratono di Parassitologia Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0 Viale Regina Elena 299 Roma Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1997,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1994.11812879"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01857176"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-2427(88)90113-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_5_1","first-page":"396","volume":"10","author":"BRACA G.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Rivista di Zootecnia e Veterinaria"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_6_1","first-page":"268","volume":"108","author":"CECI L.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Clinica Veterinaria"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_7_1","first-page":"764","volume-title":"Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat","author":"CHAPMAN W. L.","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.166.5.1229"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1983.32.475"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_10_1","first-page":"313","volume":"40","author":"CIARAMELLA P.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Acta Medica Veterinaria (Napoli)"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_11_1","first-page":"387","volume":"41","author":"DE LUNA R.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Acta Medica Veterinaria (Napoli)"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_12_1","unstructured":"DOMINA F. CRISTARELLA S.&SCIRPO A.(1992)Atti della Societ\u00e0 Italiana Scienze Veterinaria. XLVI Annual Congress. p1535"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_13_1","first-page":"52","volume-title":"In Vitro Methods for Parasite Cultivation","author":"EVANS D. A.","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_14_1","first-page":"266","volume-title":"Current Veterinary Therapy XI","author":"FERRER L.","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_15_1","first-page":"90","volume":"126","author":"FERRER L.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Veterinary Record"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/030098589102800414"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1988.tb02298.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_18_1","first-page":"852","volume-title":"Manual of Clinical Immunology","author":"FRITZLER M. J.","year":"1980"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.133.21.526"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_20_1","unstructured":"GRADONI L.(1989)Leishmaniosi canina.Cremona Societ\u00e0 Culturale Italiana Veterinaria Animali da Compagnia (scivac). p11"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.1987.tb00364.x","volume":"1","author":"GRADONI L.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Medical and Veterinary Entomology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(92)90551-M"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_23_1","first-page":"701","volume":"134","author":"GROULADE P.","year":"1983","journal-title":"Revue de M\u00e9decine V\u00e9t\u00e9rinarie"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_24_1","first-page":"102","volume":"5","author":"HOMMEL M.","year":"1978","journal-title":"Bullettin de l'Institut Pasteur"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/030098588402100114"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/030098588402100113"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/1979543277","volume":"54","author":"LANOTTE G.","year":"1979","journal-title":"Annales de Parasitologie Humanie ed Compar\u00e9e"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_28_1","first-page":"A58","volume-title":"Immunoparasitology Today","author":"LOCKSLEY R. M.","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_29_1","first-page":"358","volume":"25","author":"LONGSTAFFE J. A.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Veterinary Annual"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1970.156.02.197","volume":"156","author":"MCCONNELL E. E.","year":"1970","journal-title":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_31_1","first-page":"510","volume":"36","author":"MACR\u00cc B.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Atti Societ\u00e0 Italiana Scienze Veterinarie"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_32_1","first-page":"11","volume":"22","author":"MANCIANTI F.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_33_1","first-page":"110","volume":"37","author":"MANCIANTI F.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Tropical Medicine and Parasitology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_34_1","first-page":"65","volume":"1","author":"MANSUETO S.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Acta Mediterranea di Patologia Infettiva e Tropicale"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.134.3.66"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2348","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.136.7.2348","volume":"136","author":"MOSMANN T. R.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_37_1","unstructured":"OLIVA G. CIARAMELLA P. CORTESE L.&GRADONI L.(1995a)Atti della societ\u00e0 italiana delle scienze veterinarie. XLIX Annual Congress. p767"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_38_1","first-page":"115","volume":"10","author":"OLIVA G.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Veterinaria"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/36.6.1013"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_40_1","first-page":"11","volume":"22","author":"PERSECHINO A.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Rivista di Zootecnia e Veterinaria"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_41_1","first-page":"3","volume":"23","author":"PERSECHINO A.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Rivista di Zootecnia e Veterinaria"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.62.1.229-235.1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9975(08)80196-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1711410109"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_45_1","first-page":"19","volume":"162","author":"ROZE M.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Recueil de M\u00e9decine V\u00e9t\u00e9rinarie"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(89)90120-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.1989.tb00557.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.1988.9694140"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_49_1","first-page":"769","volume-title":"Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat","author":"SLAPPENDEL R. J.","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_50_1","volume-title":"Technical Report Series No. 701","author":"WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_51_1","volume-title":"Technical Report Series No. 793","author":"WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION","year":"1990"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Record"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1136%2Fvr.141.21.539","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1136\/vr.141.21.539","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T14:39:35Z","timestamp":1761489575000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1136\/vr.141.21.539"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1997,11]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/vr.141.21.539"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/vr.141.21.539","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0042-4900","2042-7670"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0042-4900","type":"print"},{"value":"2042-7670","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1997,11]]}}}