{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T11:13:34Z","timestamp":1789038814318,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,8,4]],"date-time":"2001-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":996883200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Record"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Forty\u2010eight horses subjected to elective surgery were randomly assigned to three groups of 16 horses. After premedication with 0\u20101\u00a0mg\/kg acepromazine intramuscularly and 0.6\u00a0mg\/kg xylazine intravenously, anaesthesia was induced either with 2 g thiopentone in 500\u00a0ml of a 10 per cent guaifenesin solution, given intravenously at a dose of 1\u00a0ml\/kg (group TG), or with 100\u00a0mg\/kg guaifenesin and 2.2\u00a0mg\/kg ketamine given intravenously (group KG), or with 0.06\u00a0mg\/kg midazolam, and 2.2\u00a0mg\/kg ketamine given intravenously (group KM). Anaesthesia was maintained with isoflurane. The mean (sd) end tidal isoflurane concentration (per cent) needed to maintain a light surgical anaesthesia (stage III, plane 2) was significantly lower in group KM (0.91 [0.03]) than in groups TG (1.11 [0.03]) and KG (1.14 [0.03]). The mean (sd) arterial pressure (mmHg) was significantly lower in group KG (67.4 [2.07]) than in groups TG (75.6 [2.23]) and KM (81.0 [2.16]). There were no significant differences in the logarithm of the heart rate, recovery time or quality of recovery between the three induction groups. However, pronounced ataxia was observed in the horses of group KM, especially after periods of anaesthesia lasting less than 75\u00a0minutes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.149.5.147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,5]],"date-time":"2010-10-05T02:18:07Z","timestamp":1286245087000},"page":"147-151","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Comparison of thiopentone\/guaifenesin, ketamine\/guaifenesin and ketamine\/ midazolam for the induction of horses to be anaesthetised with isoflurane"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"149","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Gangl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Large Animal Surgery Sart Tilman Bat. 41 B\u20104000 Libge Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Grulke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Large Animal Surgery Sart Tilman Bat. 41 B\u20104000 Libge Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"Caudron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Large Animal Surgery Sart Tilman Bat. 41 B\u20104000 Libge Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Serteyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Large Animal Surgery Sart Tilman Bat. 41 B\u20104000 Libge Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Detilleux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Liege Sart Tilman Bat. 41 B\u20104000 Libge Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1996.57.10.1472","article-title":"Physiologic effects of anaesthesia induced and maintained by intravenous administration of a cli\u2010 mazolam\u2010ketamine combination in ponies premedicated with acepromazine and xylazine","volume":"57","author":"BETTSCHART\u2010WOLFENSBERGER R.","year":"1996","journal-title":"American Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","first-page":"545","article-title":"The signs and stages of anaesthesia in domestic animals","volume":"70","author":"CAMPBELL J. R.","year":"1958","journal-title":"Veterinary Record"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_1","first-page":"613","article-title":"L'anesth\u00e9sie intraveineuse chez le cheval: comparaison des combinaisons xylazine\u2010k\u00e9tamine et xylazine\u2010til\u00e9tamine\u2010zolaz\u00e9pam","volume":"36","author":"CUVELIEZ S.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Canadian Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1987.48.02.192","article-title":"Arterial hypotension and the development of postanesthetic myopathy in halothane\u2010anesthetized horses","volume":"48","author":"GRANDY J. L.","year":"1987","journal-title":"American Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-198904000-00017"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-198806000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0739(17)30535-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1980.41.11.1751","article-title":"Guaifenesin: cardiopulmonary effects and plasma concentration in horses","volume":"41","author":"HUBBELL J. A.","year":"1980","journal-title":"American Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-199303000-00029"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.2307\/2530695","article-title":"Unbalanced repeated measures models with structured covariance matrices","volume":"42","author":"JENMICH R. I.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1995.tb03062.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_13_1","first-page":"251","article-title":"Injektionsan\u00e4sthesie mit Xylazin, Ketamin und dem Benzodiazepinderivat Climazolam sowie Anwendung des Benzodiazepinantagonisten ro 15\u20103505","volume":"132","author":"KAEGI B.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Schweizer Archiv f\u00fcr Tierheilkunde"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1186\/BF03547317","article-title":"Ketamine, Telazol\u00ae, xylazine and detomidine. A comparative anesthetic drug combinations study in ponies","volume":"33","author":"LIN H. C.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.131.2.33"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2885.1997.00049.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_17_1","first-page":"259","article-title":"Halothane sparing effect of benzodiazepines in ponies","volume":"80","author":"MATTHEWS N. S.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cornell Veterinarian"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.1991.tb01262.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.142.11.275"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.142.12.307","article-title":"A retrospective study of mortality associated with general anaesthesia in horses: emergency procedures","volume":"143","author":"MEE A. M.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Veterinary Record"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-198209000-00018"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_22_1","first-page":"247","volume-title":"Equine Anesthesia. Monitoring and Emergency Therapy","author":"MUIR W. W.","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_23_1","first-page":"419","volume-title":"Equine Anesthesia. Monitoring and Emergency Therapy","author":"MUIR W. W.","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03026015"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_25_1","unstructured":"PICAVET M. T. VANHOVE L.&MADDER K.(1998)Experiences with midazolam as a co\u2010induction agent together with ketamine in the induction of anaesthesia in horses. InProceedings of the Association of Veterinary Anaesthesists Spring Meeting.Edinburgh March 29\u201031 1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-198503000-00017"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_27_1","volume-title":"SAS\/STAT User's Guide Version 6","author":"SAS INSTITUTE","year":"1959"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_28_1","first-page":"297","volume-title":"Lumb & Jones' Veterinary Anesthesia","author":"STEFFEY E. P.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1993","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1977.38.12.1993","article-title":"Rate of changes of halothane concentration in a large animal circle anesthetic system","volume":"38","author":"STEFFEY E. P.","year":"1977","journal-title":"American Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1977.38.07.1037","article-title":"Enflurane, halothane and isoflurane potency in horses","volume":"38","author":"STEFFEY E. P.","year":"1977","journal-title":"American Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.1991.tb00005.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_32_1","first-page":"175","article-title":"The role of anesthesia in surgical mortality in horses","volume":"35","author":"TEVIK A.","year":"1983","journal-title":"Nordisk Veterinaer Medicin"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_33_1","first-page":"2","volume-title":"Lumb & Jones' Veterinary Anesthesia","author":"THURMON J. C.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_34_1","first-page":"2215","article-title":"Simultaneous determination and pharmacokinetics of midazolam and its hydroxymetabolites in plasma and urine of man and dog by means of high performance liquid chromatography","volume":"31","author":"VREE T. B.","year":"1981","journal-title":"Drug Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_35_1","first-page":"49","article-title":"Ketamine\u2010climazolam anaesthesia in horses","volume":"20","author":"WOLFENSBERGER R.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Anaesthesia"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1993.tb02926.x"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Record"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1136%2Fvr.149.5.147","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1136\/vr.149.5.147","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T10:58:38Z","timestamp":1761562718000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1136\/vr.149.5.147"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,8]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/vr.149.5.147"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/vr.149.5.147","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0042-4900","2042-7670"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0042-4900","type":"print"},{"value":"2042-7670","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,8]]}}}