{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T13:12:00Z","timestamp":1791292320896,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,12]],"date-time":"2008-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1207958400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Record"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The hypothesis that hypocalcaemia may play a role in dystocia in captive Asian elephants (\n                    <jats:italic>Elephas maximus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) was investigated. The objectives of the study were to measure the total calcium concentration in elephant plasma; assess the changes in parameters of calcium metabolism during a feeding trial; investigate a possible relationship between calcium metabolism and dystocia; and assess bone mineralisation in captive Asian elephants in vivo. The following parameters were measured: total and ionised calcium, inorganic phosphorous and magnesium, the fractional excretions of these minerals, intact parathyroid hormone, 25\u2010OH\u2010D\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    and 1,25\u2010OH\u2010D\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    . Radiographs were taken from tail vertebrae for assessment of bone mineralisation. The mean (sd) heparinised plasma total calcium concentration was 2\u00b77 (0\u00b733) mmol\/l (n=43) ranging from 0\u00b784 to 3\u00b708\u00a0mmol\/l in 11 Asian elephants. There was no significant correlation between plasma total calcium concentration and age. Following feeding of a calcium rich ration to four captive Asian elephant cows, plasma total and ionised calcium peaked at 3\u00b76 (0\u00b724) mmol\/l (range 3\u00b74 to 3\u00b79\u00a0mmol\/l) and 1\u00b725 (0\u00b707) mmol\/l (range 1\u00b717 to 1\u00b732\u00a0mmol\/l), respectively. Plasma ionised calcium concentrations around parturition in four Asian elephant cows ranged from 0\u00b737 to 1\u00b71\u00a0mmol\/l only. The present study indicates that captive Asian elephants might be hypocalcaemic, and that, in captive Asian elephants, the normal plasma concentration of total calcium should actually be around 3\u00b76\u00a0mmol\/l and normal plasma concentration of ionised calcium around 1\u00b725\u00a0mmol\/l. Given the fact that elephants absorb dietary calcium mainly from the intestine, it could be concluded that elephants should be fed calcium\u2010rich diets at all times, and particularly around parturition. In addition, normal values for ionised calcium in captive Asian elephants should be reassessed.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.162.15.475","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,5]],"date-time":"2010-10-05T17:36:25Z","timestamp":1286300185000},"page":"475-479","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Subclinical hypocalcaemia in captive Asian elephants (\n                    <i>Elephas maximus<\/i>\n                    )"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"162","author":[{"given":"J. H.","family":"van der Kolk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Equine Sciences Medicine Section Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. P. T. M.","family":"van Leeuwen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Erasmus University Medical Centre Rotterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. J. M.","family":"van den Belt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Imaging Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. H. N.","family":"van Schaik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Chemistry Erasmus University Medical Centre Rotterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W.","family":"Schaftenaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rotterdam Zoo PO Box 532 3000 AM Rotterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"131","article-title":"The osteology of the African elephant (Loxodonta africana): vertebral column, ribs and sternum","volume":"63","author":"Bezuidenhout A. J.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"159","article-title":"Serum calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase in the African Elephant, Loxodonta africana","volume":"56","author":"Brown I. R. 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