{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T19:09:32Z","timestamp":1790104172173,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,18]],"date-time":"2011-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1308355200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":17,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Record"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Scanning surveillance by the Veterinary Laboratories Agency revealed the emergence of suspected botulism in ruminants in 2003, presented as flaccid paralysis. From 2003 to 2009, 168 cattle and 19 sheep incidents were recorded, with mortality between 5 and 80 per cent. All sheep incidents and 95 per cent of cattle incidents had proximity to broiler litter. From July 2006, the gut contents collected from 74 affected cattle and 10 affected sheep were tested for\n                    <jats:italic>Clostridium botulinum<\/jats:italic>\n                    toxins using mice bioassays and for organisms by culture. Type D toxin was identified in 32 per cent of cattle and 18 per cent of sheep samples.\n                    <jats:italic>C botulinum<\/jats:italic>\n                    type D organisms were identified in 40 per cent of cattle and 30 per cent of sheep samples, but broth from one sample reacted with C and D antisera. Type C botulism has previously been reported more commonly than type D in the UK and has been associated with the use of poultry litter as fertiliser, bedding or feed. The almost exclusive association with\n                    <jats:italic>C botulinum<\/jats:italic>\n                    type D toxins or organisms in the gut contents in this survey suggests a change in the source or epidemiology of botulism in the UK. The source of\n                    <jats:italic>C botulinum<\/jats:italic>\n                    type D was uncertain. Broilers may carry\n                    <jats:italic>C botulinum<\/jats:italic>\n                    type D in their gut flora subclinically. The emergence of a new type D strain, or changes in broiler husbandry and nutrition, medication and other enteric infections may have affected colonisation with\n                    <jats:italic>C botulinum<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Further investigation of poultry and farm environments for sources of type D awaits the development of tests for\n                    <jats:italic>C botulinum<\/jats:italic>\n                    toxins that do not require the use of mice.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.d1846","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,8]],"date-time":"2011-06-08T00:24:26Z","timestamp":1307492666000},"page":"640-640","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Emergence of suspected type D botulism in ruminants in England and Wales (2001 to 2009), associated with exposure to broiler litter"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"168","author":[{"given":"J. H.","family":"Payne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA) \u2013 Sutton Bonington, The Elms College Road, Sutton Bonington Loughborough Leicestershire LE12 5RB"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. A.","family":"Hogg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AHVLA \u2013 Preston Barton Hall, Garstang Road, Broughton, Preston Lancashire PR3 5HE"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Otter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AHVLA \u2013 Shrewsbury Kendal Road, Harlescott Shrewsbury Shropshire SY1 4HD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. I. J.","family":"Roest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology and TSEs Central Veterinary Institute PO Box 65 8200 AB Lelystad The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. T.","family":"Livesey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chris Livesey Consulting, Givendale House, Leppington Malton North Yorkshire YO17 9RL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","unstructured":"Anon(2011)Animal By\u2010products (Enforcement) (England) Regulations 2011.www.legislation.gov.uk\/uksi\/2011\/881\/contents\/made. Accessed May 20 2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","unstructured":"ACMSF(2006)Advisory Committee on the Microbiological Safety of Food.Ad\u2010hoc group on botulism in cattle. Report on botulism in cattle.www.food.gov.uk\/multimedia\/pdfs\/botulismincattlereport1206.pdf. Accessed May 4 2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","unstructured":"ACMSF(2008)Advisory Committee on the Microbiological Safety of Food.Draft report from the ad\u2010hoc group on botulism in cattle sheep and goats.www.food.gov.uk\/multimedia\/pdfs\/committee\/acm910sheep.pdf. 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N.","year":"1978","journal-title":"Refuah Veterinarit"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1978.tb04215.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2003.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","first-page":"312","article-title":"Atypische gevallen van botulismus type B bij runderen veroorzaakt dorr de bijvoedering van bierbostel","volume":"103","author":"Haagsma J.","year":"1978","journal-title":"Tijdschrift voor Diergeneeskunde"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","first-page":"910","article-title":"Een geval van botulismus type B bij runderen, veroorzaakt door de voedering van kuilgras","volume":"103","author":"Haagsma J.","year":"1978","journal-title":"Tijdschrift voor Diergeneeskunde"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","unstructured":"Health Protection Agency(2009) Foodborne Botulism Laboratory reported cases ofClostridium botulinumintoxication reported to the Health Protection Agency Centre for Infections England and Wales 1980\u20132010.www.hpa.org.uk\/webw\/HPAweb&HPAwebStandard\/HPAweb_C\/1195733791553?p=1191942152234. 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