{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T06:17:27Z","timestamp":1765606647076,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gut"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Reduced hepatic mitochondrial beta-oxidation and changes in the plasma carnitine pool are important biochemical findings in valproate induced liver toxicity. The carnitine pools in plasma and liver and the liver coenzyme A (CoA) pool in a patient with fatal, valproate induced hepatotoxicity were measured. In plasma and liver the free and total carnitine contents were decreased, whereas the ratios short chain acylcarnitine\/total acid soluble carnitine were increased. The long chain acylcarnitine content was unchanged in plasma, and increased in liver. The total CoA content in liver was decreased by 84%. This was due to reduced concentrations of CoASH, acetyl-CoA, and long chain acyl-CoA whereas the concentrations of succinyl-CoA and propionyl-CoA were both increased. The good agreement between the plasma and liver carnitine pools reflects the close relation between these two pools. The observed decrease in the hepatic CoASH and total CoA content has so far not been reported in humans with valproate induced hepatotoxicity and may be functionally significant.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.37.1.140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,18]],"date-time":"2007-09-18T17:41:31Z","timestamp":1190137291000},"page":"140-143","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Plasma and hepatic carnitine and coenzyme A pools in a patient with fatal, valproate induced hepatotoxicity."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"S","family":"Kr\u00e4henb\u00fchl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"G","family":"Mang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"H","family":"Kupferschmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"P J","family":"Meier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"M","family":"Krause","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1995,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"435","article-title":"Proprietes pharmacodynamiques de l'acide n-dipropylacetique","volume":"18","author":"Menuier, H.; Garroz, G.; Meunier, Y.; Eymard, P.; Aimard, M.","year":"1963","unstructured":"Menuier H, Garroz G, Meunier Y, Eymard P, Aimard M. Proprietes pharmacodynamiques de l'acide n-dipropylacetique. I. Proprietes antiepileptiques. Therapie 1963; 18: 435-8.","journal-title":"I. Proprietes antiepileptiques. Therapie"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840020520","article-title":"Sodium valproate in the induction of unusual hepatotoxicity","volume":"2","author":"Zafrani, E.S.; Berthelot, P.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Zafrani ES, Berthelot P. Sodium valproate in the induction of unusual hepatotoxicity. Hepatology 1982; 2: 648-9.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840020513","article-title":"Valproate-induced hepatic injury: analyses of 23 fatal cases","volume":"2","author":"Zimmermann, H.J.; Ishak, K.G.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Zimmermann HJ, Ishak KG. Valproate-induced hepatic injury: analyses of 23 fatal cases. Hepatology 1982; 2: 591-7.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.37.3.379","article-title":"Valproic acid hepatic fatalities: a retrospective review","volume":"37","author":"Dreifuss, F.E.; Santilli, N.; Langer, D.H.; Sweeney, K.P.; Moline, K.A.; Menander, K.B.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Dreifuss FE, Santilli N, Langer DH, Sweeney KP, Moline KA, Menander KB. Valproic acid hepatic fatalities: a retrospective review. Neurology 1987; 37: 379-85.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(93)90404-K","article-title":"Valproate and mitochondria","volume":"46","author":"Ponchaut, S.; Veitch, K.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Ponchaut S, Veitch K. Valproate and mitochondria. Biochem Pharmacol 1993; 46: 199-204.","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"410","article-title":"Diseases of the liver and biliary system","author":"Sherlock, S.; Dooley, J.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Sherlock S, Dooley J. Diseases of the liver and biliary system. 9th ed. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific, 1992: 410-1.","edition":"9th ed"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840180414","article-title":"Fatal neonatal liver failure and mitochondrial cytopathy (oxidative phosphorylation deficiency): a light and electron microscopic study of the liver","volume":"18","author":"Bioulac-Sage, P.; Parrot-Roulaud, F.; Mazat, J.P.; Lamireau, T.; Coquet, M.; Sandler, B.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Bioulac-Sage P, Parrot-Roulaud F, Mazat JP, Lamireau T, Coquet M, Sandler B, et al. Fatal neonatal liver failure and mitochondrial cytopathy (oxidative phosphorylation deficiency): a light and electron microscopic study of the liver. Hepatology 1993; 18: 839-46.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2688","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)40875-1","article-title":"Carnitine metabolism in the fasting rat","volume":"253","author":"Brass, E.P.; Hoppel, C.L.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Brass EP, Hoppel CL. Carnitine metabolism in the fasting rat. J Biol Chem 1978; 253: 2688-93.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22313","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)45706-7","article-title":"Surplus acylcarnitines in the plasma of starved rats derive from the liver","volume":"265","author":"Sandor, A.; Cseko, J.; Kispal, G.; Alkonyi, I.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Sandor A, Cseko J, Kispal G, Alkonyi I. Surplus acylcarnitines in the plasma of starved rats derive from the liver. J Biol Chem 1990; 265: 22313-6.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"59","article-title":"New genetic defects in mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and camitine deficiency","volume":"34","author":"Stanley, C.A.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Stanley CA. New genetic defects in mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and camitine deficiency. Adv Pediatr 1987; 34: 59-88.","journal-title":"Adv Pediatr"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"19","article-title":"Valproate and camitine","volume-title":"Current concepts in carnitine research","author":"Bohan, T.P.; Rogers, P.; Roe, C.R.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Bohan TP, Rogers P, Roe CR. Valproate and camitine. In: Carter AL, ed. Current concepts in carnitine research. Boca Raton, Ann Arbor: CRC Press, 1992: 19-26."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-8981(72)90438-X","article-title":"A method for the determination of carnitine in the picomole range","volume":"37","author":"Cederblad, G.; Lindstedt, S.","year":"1972","unstructured":"Cederblad G, Lindstedt S. A method for the determination of carnitine in the picomole range. Clin Chim Acta 1972; 37: 235-43.","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"309","article-title":"Determination of camitine. In: Techniques in diagnostic human biochemical genetics: a laboratory manual","author":"Hoppel, C.L.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Hoppel CL. Determination of camitine. In: Techniques in diagnostic human biochemical genetics: a laboratory manual. New York: Wiley-Liss, 1991: 309-26."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(91)90209-N","article-title":"Inhibition of propionyl-CoA synthetase activity by organic acids. Reversal of propionate inhibition of pyruvate metabolism","volume":"41","author":"Krahenbuihl, S.; Brass, E.P.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Krahenbuihl S, Brass EP. Inhibition of propionyl-CoA synthetase activity by organic acids. Reversal of propionate inhibition of pyruvate metabolism. Biochem Pharmacol 1991; 41: 1015-23.","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(90)90292-H","article-title":"Radioisotopic assays of CoASH and carnitine and their acetylated forms in human skeletal muscle","volume":"185","author":"Cederblad, G.; Carlin, J.I.; Constantin-Teodosiu, D.; Harper, P.; Hultman, P.E.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Cederblad G, Carlin JI, Constantin-Teodosiu D, Harper P, Hultman PE. Radioisotopic assays of CoASH and carnitine and their acetylated forms in human skeletal muscle. Anal Biochem 1990; 185: 274-8.","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)52451-6","article-title":"Protein measurement with the folin phenol reagent","volume":"193","author":"Lowry, O.H.; Rosenbrough, N.J.; Farr, A.L.; Randall, R.J.","year":"1951","unstructured":"Lowry OH, Rosenbrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ. Protein measurement with the folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem 1951; 193: 265-75.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"501","article-title":"A reference base and system for analysis of muscle constituents.7 Biol","volume":"182","author":"Lilienthal, J.L.; Zierler, K.L.; Folk, B.P.; Buka, R.; Riley, M.J.","year":"1950","unstructured":"Lilienthal JL, Zierler KL, Folk BP, Buka R, Riley MJ. A reference base and system for analysis of muscle constituents.7 Biol Chem 1950; 182: 501-8.","journal-title":"Chem"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"185","article-title":"Decreased serum camitine in valproate induced Reye syndrome","volume-title":"EurJ7Pediatr","volume":"139","author":"Bohles, H.; Richter, K.; Wagner-Thiessen, E.; Schafer, H.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Bohles H, Richter K, Wagner-Thiessen E, Schafer H. Decreased serum camitine in valproate induced Reye syndrome. EurJ7Pediatr 1982; 139: 185-6."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(86)80592-3","article-title":"Renal handling of carnitine in children with camitine deficiency and hyperammonemia associated with valproate therapy","volume":"109","author":"Matsuda, I.; Ohtani, Y.; Ninomiya, N.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Matsuda I, Ohtani Y, Ninomiya N. Renal handling of carnitine in children with camitine deficiency and hyperammonemia associated with valproate therapy. J Pediatr 1986; 109: 131-4.","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/S0387-7604(12)80261-0","article-title":"Abnormal metabolism of carnitine and valproate in a case of acute encephalopathy during chronic valproate therapy","volume":"14","author":"Murakami, K.; Sugimoto, T.; Nishida, N.; Kobayashi, Y.; Kuhara, T.; Matsumoto, I.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Murakami K, Sugimoto T, Nishida N, Kobayashi Y, Kuhara T, Matsumoto I. Abnormal metabolism of carnitine and valproate in a case of acute encephalopathy during chronic valproate therapy. Brain Dev 1992; 14: 178-81.","journal-title":"Brain Dev"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(85)91481-3","article-title":"Vaproic acid associated abnormalities of camitine metabolism","volume":"i:","author":"Murphy, J.V.; Marquardt, K.M.; Shug, A.L.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Murphy JV, Marquardt KM, Shug AL. Vaproic acid associated abnormalities of camitine metabolism. Lancet 1985; i: 820-1.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1986.tb03584.x","article-title":"Serum carnitine during valproic acid therapy","volume":"27","author":"Laub, M.C.; Paetzke-Brunner, I.; Jaeger, G.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Laub MC, Paetzke-Brunner I, Jaeger G. Serum carnitine during valproic acid therapy. Epilepsia 1986; 27: 559-62.","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1990.00530100101021","article-title":"Valproateinduced coma with ketosis and carnitine deficiency","volume":"47","author":"Triggs, W.J.; Bohan, T.P.; Lin, S.N.; Willmore, J.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Triggs WJ, Bohan TP, Lin SN, Willmore J. Valproateinduced coma with ketosis and carnitine deficiency. Arch Neurol 1990; 47: 1131-3.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)80306-3","article-title":"Reduction of serum carnitine concentrations during anticonvulsant therapy with phenobarbital, valproic acid, phenytoin, and carbamazepine in children","volume":"119","author":"Hug, G.; McGraw, C.A.; Bates, SR, Landrigan; E.A.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Hug G, McGraw CA, Bates SR, Landrigan EA. Reduction of serum carnitine concentrations during anticonvulsant therapy with phenobarbital, valproic acid, phenytoin, and carbamazepine in children. _J Pediatr 1991; 119: 799-802.","journal-title":"_J Pediatr"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-198815060-00002","article-title":"Clinical pharmacokinetics of valproic acid - 1988","volume":"15","author":"Zaccara, G.; Messori, A.; Moroni, F.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Zaccara G, Messori A, Moroni F. Clinical pharmacokinetics of valproic acid - 1988. Clin Pharmacokinet 1988; 15: 367-89.","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-198412000-00021","article-title":"Urinary excretion of L-carnitine and acylcarnitines by patients with disorders of organic acid metabolism: evidence for secondary insufficiency of L-carnitine","volume":"18","author":"Chalmers, R.A.; Roe, C.R.; Stacey, T.E.; Hoppel, C.L.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Chalmers RA, Roe CR, Stacey TE, Hoppel CL. Urinary excretion of L-carnitine and acylcarnitines by patients with disorders of organic acid metabolism: evidence for secondary insufficiency of L-carnitine. Pediatr Res 1984; 18: 1325-8.","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199307000-00021","article-title":"Renal handling of carnitine in secondary carnitine deficiency disorders","volume":"34","author":"Stanley, C.A.; Berry, C.T.; Bennett, M.J.; Willi, S.M.; Treem, W.R.; Hale, D.E.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Stanley CA, Berry CT, Bennett MJ, Willi SM, Treem WR, Hale DE. Renal handling of carnitine in secondary carnitine deficiency disorders. Pediatr Res 1993; 34: 89-97.","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199309000-00008","article-title":"Valproic acid impairs carnitine uptake in cultured human skin fibroblasts. An in vitro model for the pathogenesis of valproic acid-associated carnitine deficiency","volume":"34","author":"Tein, I.; DiMauro, S.; Xie, Z.W.; De Vivo, D.C.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Tein I, DiMauro S, Xie ZW, De Vivo DC. Valproic acid impairs carnitine uptake in cultured human skin fibroblasts. An in vitro model for the pathogenesis of valproic acid-associated carnitine deficiency. Pediatr Res 1993; 34: 281-7.","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"554","article-title":"Elevated plasma carnitine in hepatic cirrhosis","volume":"4","author":"Fuller, R.K.; Hoppel, C.L.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Fuller RK, Hoppel CL. Elevated plasma carnitine in hepatic cirrhosis. Hepatology 1983; 4: 554-8.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1988.tb00256.x","article-title":"Plasma camitine in alcoholism","volume":"12","author":"Fuller, R.K.; Hoppel, C.L.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Fuller RK, Hoppel CL. Plasma camitine in alcoholism. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1988; 12: 639-42.","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/50.3.504","article-title":"Blood carnitine status after orthotopic liver transplantation in patients with end-stage liver disease","volume":"50","author":"Palambo, J.D.; Borum, P.R.; Jenkins, R.L.; Trey, C.; Bistrian, B.R.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Palambo JD, Borum PR, Jenkins RL, Trey C, Bistrian BR. Blood carnitine status after orthotopic liver transplantation in patients with end-stage liver disease. Am Jf Clin Nutr 1989; 50: 504-7.","journal-title":"Am Jf Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(85)90367-4","article-title":"A single therapeutic dose of valproate affects liver carbohydrate, fat, adenylate, amino acid, coenzyme A and carnitine metabolism in infant mice: possible clinical significance","volume":"36","author":"Thurston, J.H.; Carroll, J.E.; Hauhart, R.E.; Schiro, J.A.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Thurston JH, Carroll JE, Hauhart RE, Schiro JA. A single therapeutic dose of valproate affects liver carbohydrate, fat, adenylate, amino acid, coenzyme A and carnitine metabolism in infant mice: possible clinical significance. Life Sci 1985; 36: 1643-5 1.","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(90)90663-6","article-title":"Effects of acute valproate administration on carnitine metabolism in mouse serum and tissues","volume":"39","author":"Rozas, I.; Camina, M.F.; Paz, J.M.; Castro-Gago, M.; RodriguezSegade, S.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Rozas I, Camina MF, Paz JM, Castro-Gago M, RodriguezSegade S. Effects of acute valproate administration on carnitine metabolism in mouse serum and tissues. Biochem Pharmacol 1990; 39: 181-5.","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199204000-00023","article-title":"Amelioration of adverse effects of valproic acid on ketogenesis and liver coenzyme A metabolism by cotreatment with pantothenate and carnitine in developing mice: possible clinical significance","volume":"31","author":"Thurston, J.H.; Hauhart, R.E.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Thurston JH, Hauhart RE. Amelioration of adverse effects of valproic acid on ketogenesis and liver coenzyme A metabolism by cotreatment with pantothenate and carnitine in developing mice: possible clinical significance. Pediatr Res 1992; 31: 419-23.","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1987.tb03660.x","article-title":"Hepatotoxicity in rat following administration of valproic acid: effect of L-carnitine supplementation","volume":"28","author":"Sugimoto, T.; Araki, A.; Nishida, N.; Sakane, Y.; Woo, M.; Takeuchi, T.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Sugimoto T, Araki A, Nishida N, Sakane Y, Woo M, Takeuchi T, et al. Hepatotoxicity in rat following administration of valproic acid: effect of L-carnitine supplementation. Epilepsia 1987; 28: 373-7.","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1987.tb03640.x","article-title":"Hepatotoxicity in rat following administration of valproic acid","volume":"28","author":"Sugimoto, T.; Woo, M.; Nishida, N.; Takeuchi, T.; Sakame, Y.; Kabayashi, Y.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Sugimoto T, Woo M, Nishida N, Takeuchi T, Sakame Y, Kabayashi Y. Hepatotoxicity in rat following administration of valproic acid. Epilepsia 1987; 28: 142-6.","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1071492","article-title":"Camitine metabolism and morphometric change of liver mitochondria in valproate-treated rats","volume":"21","author":"Murakami, K.; Sugimoto, T.; Nishida, N.; Woo, M.; Araki, A.; Kobayashi, Y.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Murakami K, Sugimoto T, Nishida N, Woo M, Araki A, Kobayashi Y, et al. Camitine metabolism and morphometric change of liver mitochondria in valproate-treated rats. Neuropediatrics 1990; 21: 187-90.","journal-title":"Neuropediatrics"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI108824","article-title":"Deficiency of carnitine in cachectic cirrhotic patients","volume":"60","author":"Rudman, D.; Sewell, C.W.; Ansley, J.D.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Rudman D, Sewell CW, Ansley JD. Deficiency of carnitine in cachectic cirrhotic patients. Jf Clin Invest 1977; 60: 716-23.","journal-title":"Jf Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840140528","article-title":"Fuel homeostasis and carnitine metabolism in rats with secondary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"14","author":"Krahenbiihl, S.; Brass, E.P.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Krahenbiihl S, Brass EP. Fuel homeostasis and carnitine metabolism in rats with secondary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology 1991; 14: 927-34.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"1189","article-title":"Decreased hepatic glycogen content and accelerated response to starvation in rats with carbon tetrachloride-induced cirrhosis","volume":"14","author":"Krahenbuhl, S.; Weber, F.L.; Brass, E.P.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Krahenbuhl S, Weber FL, Brass EP. Decreased hepatic glycogen content and accelerated response to starvation in rats with carbon tetrachloride-induced cirrhosis. Hepatology 1991; 14: 1189-95.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(83)90602-1","article-title":"Influence of valproic acid on hepatic carbohydrate and lipid metabolism","volume":"223","author":"Becker, C.M.; Harris, R.A.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Becker CM, Harris RA. Influence of valproic acid on hepatic carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Arch Biochem Biophys 1983; 223: 381-92.","journal-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2435","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(92)90324-C","article-title":"In vitro effects of valproate and valproate metabolites on mitochondrial oxidations. Relevance of CoA sequestration to the observed inhibitions","volume":"43","author":"Ponchaut, S.; Van Hoof, F.; Veitch, K.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ponchaut S, Van Hoof F, Veitch K. In vitro effects of valproate and valproate metabolites on mitochondrial oxidations. Relevance of CoA sequestration to the observed inhibitions. Biochem Pharmacol 1992; 43: 2435-42.","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"1272","article-title":"Mechanisms of impaired hepatic fatty acid metabolism in rats with long-term bile duct ligation","volume":"19","author":"Krahenbuhl, S.; Talos, C.; Reichen, J.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Krahenbuhl S, Talos C, Reichen J. Mechanisms of impaired hepatic fatty acid metabolism in rats with long-term bile duct ligation. Hepatology 1994; 19: 1272-81.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.49.4.405","article-title":"Valproate causes metabolic disturbance in normal man","volume":"49","author":"Turnbull, D.M.; Dick, D.J.; Wilson, L.; Sherratt, H.S.A.; Alberti, K.C.M.M.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Turnbull DM, Dick DJ, Wilson L, Sherratt HSA, Alberti KCMM. Valproate causes metabolic disturbance in normal man. Jf Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1986; 49: 405-10.","journal-title":"Jf Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"894","article-title":"Inhibition by Salicylic acid of the activation and thus oxidation of long chain fatty acids. Possible role in the development of Reye's syndrome","volume":"259","author":"Deschamps, D.; Fisch, C.; Fromenty, B.; Berson, A.; Degott, C.; Pessayre, D.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Deschamps D, Fisch C, Fromenty B, Berson A, Degott C, Pessayre D. Inhibition by Salicylic acid of the activation and thus oxidation of long chain fatty acids. Possible role in the development of Reye's syndrome. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1991; 259: 894-904.","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"}],"container-title":["Gut"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/gut.37.1.140","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T06:13:55Z","timestamp":1765606435000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/gut.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/gut.37.1.140"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1995,7]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1995,7,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/gut.37.1.140"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gut.37.1.140","relation":{},"ISSN":["0017-5749","1468-3288"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0017-5749"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1468-3288"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1995,7]]}}}