{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T10:10:11Z","timestamp":1756375811753,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":9,"publisher":"BMJ","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Case Reports"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>People who inject drugs are vulnerable to several infections. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report of a simultaneous diagnosis of leptospirosis and acute infection or recurrence of occult hepatitis C in an HIV-infected drug user. We report a case of a 47-year-old Caucasian man with HIV infection, on antiretroviral therapy, and with a history of hepatitis C (positive anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HCV RNA persistently negative) who was admitted with febrile acute hepatitis. He was a former injecting drug user, on opioid substitution therapy, who relapsed to injection drug use 3\u2005weeks prior to admission. Work up revealed positive HCV RNA and <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic> DNA in his urine. Four weeks later he had an undetectable HCV load, and also at 6\u2005months of follow-up. This case highlights the presence of two concomitant infectious aetiologies of acute hepatitis in an HIV-infected drug user.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2015-209929","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,1]],"date-time":"2015-07-01T04:49:18Z","timestamp":1435726158000},"page":"bcr2015209929","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Hepatitis C and leptospirosis: simultaneous acute infections or recurrence of occult hepatitis C"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"2015","author":[{"given":"Rita Veiga","family":"Ferraz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o's University Hospital, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Nuno Rocha","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o's University Hospital, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Cl\u00e1udia","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o's University Hospital, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Sarmento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o's University Hospital, Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025082802342245000_2015.jul01_1.bcr2015209929.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/427440"},{"key":"2025082802342245000_2015.jul01_1.bcr2015209929.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-012-2258-3","article-title":"Acute hepatitis C in an HIV-infected patient: a case report and review of literature","volume":"28","author":"Driver","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"2025082802342245000_2015.jul01_1.bcr2015209929.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcs145"},{"key":"2025082802342245000_2015.jul01_1.bcr2015209929.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2731","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.7.2731-2733.2000","article-title":"Detection of Leptospira spp. in the aqueous humor of horses with naturally acquired recurrent uveitis","volume":"38","author":"Faber","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2025082802342245000_2015.jul01_1.bcr2015209929.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boesecke C , Vogel M . HIV and hepatitis C co-infection: acute HCV therapy. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2011;(6):459\u201364. doi:10.1097\/COH.0b013e32834b87de","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0b013e32834b87de"},{"key":"2025082802342245000_2015.jul01_1.bcr2015209929.6","first-page":"43","article-title":"Treatment of acute hepatitis C virus infection in HIV+ patients: Dutch recommendations for management","volume":"69","author":"Arends","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neth J Med"},{"key":"2025082802342245000_2015.jul01_1.bcr2015209929.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang CC , Krantz E , Klarquist J , et al . Acute hepatitis C in a contemporary US cohort: modes of acquisition and factors influencing viral clearance. J Infect Dis 2007;196:1474\u201382. doi:10.1086\/522608","DOI":"10.1086\/522608"},{"key":"2025082802342245000_2015.jul01_1.bcr2015209929.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sugden PB , Pham TN , Ratnarajah S , et al . Rare occurrence of occult hepatitis C virus in apparently uninfected injecting drug users: a two-centre, masked, case\u2013control study. J Viral Hepat 2013;(20):725\u20138. doi:10.1111\/jvh.12098","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.12098"},{"key":"2025082802342245000_2015.jul01_1.bcr2015209929.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2012.20"}],"container-title":["BMJ Case Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bcr-2015-209929","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T09:34:30Z","timestamp":1756373670000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/casereports.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bcr-2015-209929"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,1]]},"references-count":9,"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bcr-2015-209929"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bcr-2015-209929","relation":{},"ISSN":["1757-790X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1757-790X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,1]]}}}