{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T23:05:05Z","timestamp":1765839905417,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,4]],"date-time":"2021-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620086400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019\u20101 \u2010 NL01 \u2010 KA203\u2010060492"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\u20101 \u2010 NL01 \u2010 KA203\u2010060492"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Junior doctors are responsible for a substantial number of prescribing errors, and final-year medical students lack sufficient prescribing knowledge and skills just before they graduate. Various national and international projects have been initiated to reform the teaching of clinical pharmacology and therapeutics (CP&amp;T) during undergraduate medical training. However, there is as yet no list of commonly prescribed and available medicines that European doctors should be able to independently prescribe safely and effectively without direct supervision. Such a list could form the basis for a European Prescribing Exam and would harmonise European CP&amp;T education. Therefore, the aim of this study is to reach consensus on a list of widely prescribed medicines, available in most European countries, that European junior doctors should be able to independently prescribe safely and effectively without direct supervision: the European List of Essential Medicines for Medical Education.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This modified Delphi study will recruit European CP&amp;T teachers (expert group). Two Delphi rounds will be carried out to enable a list to be drawn up of medicines that are available in \u226580% of European countries, which are considered standard prescribing practice, and which junior doctors should be able to prescribe safely and effectively without supervision.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study has been approved by the Medical Ethics Review Committee of VU University Medical Center (no. 2020.335) and by the Ethical Review Board of the Netherlands Association for Medical Education (approved project no. NVMO\u2010ERB 2020.4.8). The European List of Essential Medicines for Medical Education will be presented at national and international conferences and will be submitted to international peer-reviewed journals. It will also be used to develop and implement the European Prescribing Exam.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-045635","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,4]],"date-time":"2021-05-04T12:34:21Z","timestamp":1620131661000},"page":"e045635","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["European List of Essential Medicines for Medical Education: a protocol for a modified Delphi study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8169-0714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erik","family":"Donker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Section Pharmacotherapy, Amsterdam UMC Locatie VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Research and Expertise Centre in Pharmacotherapy Education (RECIPE), Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Brinkman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Section Pharmacotherapy, Amsterdam UMC Locatie VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Research and Expertise Centre in Pharmacotherapy Education (RECIPE), Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Milan","family":"Richir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Section Pharmacotherapy, Amsterdam UMC Locatie VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Research and Expertise Centre in Pharmacotherapy Education (RECIPE), Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Paraskevi","family":"Papaioannidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Likic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6788-4435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilio J","family":"Sanz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Science, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain"}]},{"given":"Thierry","family":"Christiaens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Fabrizio","family":"De Ponti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Pharmacology Unit, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"}]},{"given":"Milo","family":"Gatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Pharmacology Unit, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"}]},{"given":"Ylva","family":"B\u00f6ttiger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Link\u00f6ping University, Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"}]},{"given":"Cornelis","family":"Kramers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology-Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Garner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Technologies and Pharmaceuticals Programme, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark"}]},{"given":"Rahul","family":"Pandit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Utrecht Brain Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Michiel","family":"van Agtmael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Section Pharmacotherapy, Amsterdam UMC Locatie VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Research and Expertise Centre in Pharmacotherapy Education (RECIPE), Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Jelle","family":"Tichelaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Section Pharmacotherapy, Amsterdam UMC Locatie VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Research and Expertise Centre in Pharmacotherapy Education (RECIPE), Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121515015719000_11.5.e045635.1","unstructured":"Dornan T , Ashcroft D , Heathfield H . An in depth investigation into causes of prescribing errors by Foundation trainees in relation to their medical education. EQUIP study, 2009. Available: http:\/\/www.gmc-uk.org\/FINAL_Report_prevalence_and_causes_of_prescribing_errors.pdf_28935150.pdf"},{"key":"2025121515015719000_11.5.e045635.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0079802"},{"key":"2025121515015719000_11.5.e045635.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-200932050-00002"},{"key":"2025121515015719000_11.5.e045635.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/rsmsmj.51.1.27"},{"key":"2025121515015719000_11.5.e045635.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2008.03197.x"},{"key":"2025121515015719000_11.5.e045635.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2011.04061.x"},{"key":"2025121515015719000_11.5.e045635.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.521","article-title":"Essential competencies in prescribing: a first European cross-sectional study among 895 final-year medical students","volume":"101","author":"Brinkman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2025121515015719000_11.5.e045635.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.13491","article-title":"Do final-year medical students have sufficient prescribing competencies? A systematic literature review","volume":"84","author":"Brinkman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"2025121515015719000_11.5.e045635.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1860","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.13257","article-title":"A Licence to prescribe","volume":"83","author":"Kramers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"2025121515015719000_11.5.e045635.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-019-02686-1","article-title":"Towards a \"prescribing license\" for medical students: development and quality evaluation of an assessment for safe prescribing","volume":"75","author":"Jansen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"2025121515015719000_11.5.e045635.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)62339-4","article-title":"Prescribing safety: ensuring that new graduates are prepared","volume":"385","author":"Maxwell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2025121515015719000_11.5.e045635.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2645","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.13730","article-title":"Essential diseases in prescribing: a national Delphi study towards a core curriculum in pharmacotherapy education","volume":"84","author":"Jansen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"2025121515015719000_11.5.e045635.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.682","article-title":"Pharmacology and therapeutics education in the European Union needs harmonization and modernization: a cross-sectional survey among 185 medical schools in 27 countries","volume":"102","author":"Brinkman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2025121515015719000_11.5.e045635.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-019-02823-w","article-title":"WHO guide to good prescribing is 25 years old: quo vadis?","volume":"76","author":"Tichelaar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"2025121515015719000_11.5.e045635.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2562","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.13709","article-title":"The \"top 100\" drugs and classes in England: an updated \"starter formulary\" for trainee prescribers","volume":"84","author":"Audi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"2025121515015719000_11.5.e045635.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2010.03823.x"},{"key":"2025121515015719000_11.5.e045635.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2012.04186.x"},{"key":"2025121515015719000_11.5.e045635.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-002-0531-9"},{"key":"2025121515015719000_11.5.e045635.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2125.1997.00669.x"},{"key":"2025121515015719000_11.5.e045635.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2009.03581.x"},{"key":"2025121515015719000_11.5.e045635.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.12436","article-title":"Developing a Competency-based Curriculum in Basic and Clinical Pharmacology--A Delphi Study among Physicians","volume":"117","author":"Midl\u00f6v","year":"2015","journal-title":"Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"2025121515015719000_11.5.e045635.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.962","article-title":"Key learning outcomes for clinical pharmacology and therapeutics education in Europe: a modified Delphi study","volume":"104","author":"Brinkman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2025121515015719000_11.5.e045635.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.12508","article-title":"What should junior doctors know about the drugs they frequently prescribe? A Delphi study among physicians in the Netherlands","volume":"118","author":"Brinkman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"2025121515015719000_11.5.e045635.24","unstructured":"Organization WH . World Health Organization Model List of Essential Medicines, 21st list. Geneva, 2019."},{"key":"2025121515015719000_11.5.e045635.25","unstructured":"Prescribing education . European Prescribing Exam, 2020. Available: http:\/\/www.prescribingeducation.eu\/european-prescribing-exam\/"},{"key":"2025121515015719000_11.5.e045635.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.14453","article-title":"Harmonizing and improving European education in prescribing: an overview of digital educational resources used in clinical pharmacology and therapeutics","volume":"87","author":"Bakkum","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-045635","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T23:02:06Z","timestamp":1765839726000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-045635"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-045635"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-045635","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2044-6055"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2044-6055"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}}}