{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T02:38:57Z","timestamp":1775615937718,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]],"date-time":"2024-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731369600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00050\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00050\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Emotion dysregulation is a transdiagnostic characteristic that affects many people with many psychopathological problems. Two mechanisms that have been frequently associated with emotional regulation are immersion and distancing. Focusing is a task that combines these two mechanisms of emotion regulation through the phase of creating a working distance and subsequently the phase of reassigning meaning. However, the benefit of its use in Portuguese population without a moderate to severe symptomatology for promoting mental health remains unclear.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Participants aged between 18 and 65 years who wish to improve their awareness and understanding of their emotions will be recruited and then, randomised into two groups: the intervention group (IG) and the control group (CG; delayed intervention). The IG will have access to two focusing sessions and the CG will only have access to the intervention 4 weeks later. Both groups will be evaluated at five different times. Primary outcomes include positive and negative affect, attitudes towards focusing (emotions and bodily sensations), the ability to perform focusing and emotion regulation. Secondary outcomes include mental health and psychological well-being, depression and anxiety symptoms and self-esteem.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Our study has been approved by the Council of Ethics and Deontology of the University of Maia. Findings will be disseminated via manuscripts, presentations and the lead author\u2019s thesis.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>\n<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"nct\" specific-use=\"clinicaltrial \" xlink:href=\"NCT16974329\">NCT16974329<\/jats:ext-link>\n.\n<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-080094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]],"date-time":"2024-11-13T18:27:21Z","timestamp":1731522441000},"page":"e080094","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Study of a brief online and group focusing intervention: a protocol for a randomised clinical trial"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"14","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct16974329","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7055-6818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clara","family":"Aguiar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5291-1864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cl\u00e1udia","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0305-1028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8749-6149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Paiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0822-9267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Salgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024111210152024000_14.11.e080094.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032814-112739","article-title":"Emotion regulation and psychopathology","volume":"11","author":"Sheppes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu Rev Clin Psychol"},{"key":"2024111210152024000_14.11.e080094.2","unstructured":"Gross J . Emotion regulation: conceptual and empirical foundations. In: Gross JJ , ed. Handbook of Emotion Regulation. 2nd edn. Guilford Press, 2014: 3\u201320."},{"key":"2024111210152024000_14.11.e080094.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/s10902-006-9015-4","article-title":"Regulation of Positive Emotions: Emotion Regulation Strategies that Promote Resilience","volume":"8","author":"Tugade","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Happiness Stud"},{"key":"2024111210152024000_14.11.e080094.4","unstructured":"Campbell-Sills L , Barlow H . Incorporating emotion regulation into conceptualizations and treatments of anxiety and mood disorders. In: Gross JJ , ed. Handbook of Emotion Regulation. Guilford Press, 2007: 542\u201359."},{"key":"2024111210152024000_14.11.e080094.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1166137"},{"key":"2024111210152024000_14.11.e080094.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1089-2680.2.3.271"},{"key":"2024111210152024000_14.11.e080094.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-020-01498-4","article-title":"Effectiveness of current psychological interventions to improve emotion regulation in youth: a meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Moltrecht","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"2024111210152024000_14.11.e080094.8","first-page":"109","article-title":"Emotion regulation and psychopathology: Current understanding and new directions","volume":"22","author":"Rehm","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Psychol (Aust Psychol Soc)"},{"key":"2024111210152024000_14.11.e080094.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2009.11.004"},{"key":"2024111210152024000_14.11.e080094.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-016-0585-0"},{"key":"2024111210152024000_14.11.e080094.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000110"},{"key":"2024111210152024000_14.11.e080094.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12899"},{"key":"2024111210152024000_14.11.e080094.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579419000658","article-title":"Borderline personality disorder and emotion dysregulation","volume":"31","author":"Chapman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"key":"2024111210152024000_14.11.e080094.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.06.003"},{"key":"2024111210152024000_14.11.e080094.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1038\/s44159-022-00040-4","article-title":"The role of emotion regulation in the characterization, development and treatment of psychopathology","volume":"1","author":"Lincoln","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Psychol"},{"key":"2024111210152024000_14.11.e080094.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-016-9772-2","article-title":"Emotion Regulation: A Transdiagnostic Perspective on a New RDoC Domain","volume":"40","author":"Fernandez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cognit Ther Res"},{"key":"2024111210152024000_14.11.e080094.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000348448"},{"key":"2024111210152024000_14.11.e080094.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2015.02.010","article-title":"Examining Emotion Regulation as an Outcome, Mechanism, or Target of Psychological Treatments","volume":"3","author":"Gratz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychol"},{"key":"2024111210152024000_14.11.e080094.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2017.09.002"},{"key":"2024111210152024000_14.11.e080094.20","unstructured":"Gendlin E . Focusing-oriented psychotherapy: a manual of the experimental method. Guilford Press; 1996."},{"key":"2024111210152024000_14.11.e080094.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.04.023","article-title":"Regulating emotion through distancing: A taxonomy, neurocognitive model, and supporting meta-analysis","volume":"96","author":"Powers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"2024111210152024000_14.11.e080094.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0027600"},{"key":"2024111210152024000_14.11.e080094.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1080\/10503307.2016.1152409","article-title":"The client \u201cexperiencing\u201d scale as a predictor of treatment outcomes: A meta-analysis on psychotherapy process","volume":"27","author":"Pascual-Leone","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychother Res"},{"key":"2024111210152024000_14.11.e080094.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2012.06751.x"},{"key":"2024111210152024000_14.11.e080094.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hendricks MN . Focusing-oriented\/experiential psychotherapy. In: Cain DJ , ed. Humanistic psychotherapies: Handbook of research and practice. American Psychological Association, 2002: 221\u201351.","DOI":"10.1037\/10439-007"},{"key":"2024111210152024000_14.11.e080094.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-015-0244-2","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the Portuguese version of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) scale","volume":"13","author":"Sousa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"key":"2024111210152024000_14.11.e080094.27","first-page":"1","article-title":"Brief assessment of depression: Psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9)","volume":"1","author":"Ferreira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol Pract Res"},{"key":"2024111210152024000_14.11.e080094.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1590\/S0101-60832012000200003","article-title":"Vers\u00e3o Portuguesa do CORE-OM: tradu\u00e7\u00e3o, adapta\u00e7\u00e3o e estudo preliminar das suas propriedades psicom\u00e9tricas","volume":"39","author":"Sales","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev psiquiatr cl\u00edn"},{"key":"2024111210152024000_14.11.e080094.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-158-3-201302050-00583"},{"key":"2024111210152024000_14.11.e080094.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8721.ep10768783"},{"key":"2024111210152024000_14.11.e080094.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.54.6.1063"},{"key":"2024111210152024000_14.11.e080094.32","first-page":"219","article-title":"Contributions for the study of the Portuguese version of Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS): II-Psychometric study","volume":"23","author":"Galinha","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anal Psicol"},{"key":"2024111210152024000_14.11.e080094.33","first-page":"580","article-title":"Relationship between focusing and mental health in adolescents","volume":"20","author":"Fukumori","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Jpn Clin Psychol"},{"key":"2024111210152024000_14.11.e080094.34","first-page":"31","article-title":"The Focusing Manner Scale: its validity, research background and its potential as a measure of embodied experiencing","volume":"13","author":"Aoki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pers-Cent & Exp Psychother"},{"key":"2024111210152024000_14.11.e080094.35","first-page":"89","article-title":"A short version of the post-focusing check-list: PFC-2","volume":"4","author":"Alemany","year":"1985","journal-title":"The Focusing Folio"},{"key":"2024111210152024000_14.11.e080094.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2017.07.018","article-title":"Assessing emotion regulation repertoires: The Regulation of Emotion Systems Survey","volume":"119","author":"De France","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pers Individ Dif"},{"key":"2024111210152024000_14.11.e080094.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigues AR , Castro D , Cardoso J , et al . A network approach to emotion regulation and symptom activation in depression and anxiety. Front Public Health 2024;12:1362148. doi:10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1362148","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1362148"},{"key":"2024111210152024000_14.11.e080094.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1080\/713680250","article-title":"Clinical outcomes in routine evaluation: The CORE-OM","volume":"9","author":"Evans","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Ment Healt"},{"key":"2024111210152024000_14.11.e080094.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.57.6.1069"},{"key":"2024111210152024000_14.11.e080094.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-85571999000200006","article-title":"Testes e provas psicol\u00f3gicas em Portugal","volume":"3","author":"Reis","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psicol Esc Educ"},{"key":"2024111210152024000_14.11.e080094.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x"},{"key":"2024111210152024000_14.11.e080094.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092"},{"key":"2024111210152024000_14.11.e080094.43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosenberg M . Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES). APA PsycTests 1965. doi:10.1037\/t01038-000","DOI":"10.1037\/t01038-000"},{"key":"2024111210152024000_14.11.e080094.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwatra A , Timulak L , Huixian SL , et al . Transforming Emotional Pain: An Emotion-Focused Workbook. Routledge, 2022.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003201861"},{"key":"2024111210152024000_14.11.e080094.45","unstructured":"R Core Team . R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2022. Available: https:\/\/www.R-project.org"},{"key":"2024111210152024000_14.11.e080094.46","unstructured":"Barbiero A , Ferrari P , Manzi G . Imputation of missing values through a forward imputation algorithm. R package version 1.0.3. 2015. Available: https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=ForImpV"},{"key":"2024111210152024000_14.11.e080094.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i04"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-080094","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]],"date-time":"2024-11-13T18:27:29Z","timestamp":1731522449000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-080094"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-080094"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-080094","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}}}