{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]],"date-time":"2026-03-29T10:34:42Z","timestamp":1774780482254,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,31]],"date-time":"2022-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667174400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":30,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"BlueClinical","award":["no award\/grant number"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["no award\/grant number"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open Qual"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background\/Aims<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Clinical trials are fundamental for the development of new medicines and patient participation is based on free consent. Our study sought to identify psychological characteristics that may influence patient willingness to participate in a clinical trial.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 100 participants were invited to participate with 80% positive response rate. The psychological characteristics of each patient were evaluated using the following validated psychometric scales: Self-Efficacy Scale, Curiosity, Exploration Inventory-Trait, Social Support Satisfaction, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and Social Avoidance and Distress, and Fear of Negative Evaluation.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Patients who agreed to participate in the clinical trial were significantly younger than those who refused (p=0.028). There were no differences in sex, lifestyle, employment status, monthly income or education. After adjusting for age and sex, patients who agreed to participate scored significantly higher in the following: self-efficacy total score (p&lt;0.001), effectiveness in adversity (p&lt;0.001), social effectiveness (p&lt;0.001) and initiation and persistence (p&lt;0.001); social support total score (p&lt;0.001), family satisfaction (p=0.015), friendship satisfaction (p&lt;0.001), social activities satisfaction (p=0.002) and intimacy (p&lt;0.001); total curiosity score (p&lt;0.001), absorption (p&lt;0.001) and exploration (p&lt;0.001). Compared with patients who agreed to participate, those who refused scored significantly higher for both state (p&lt;0.001) and trait anxiety (p&lt;0.001), fear of negative evaluation (p&lt;0.001) and social avoidance and distress (p&lt;0.001).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Patients who were willing to participate in clinical trials exhibited different psychological characteristics to patients who refused. Specifically, they were more curious and self-efficacious, less anxious and reported a higher level of social support than patients who declined to participate. Identifying characteristics that condition the individual\u2019s decision to participate in a clinical trial has important implications for the development of patient-focused communication strategies and improved recruitment approaches.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjoq-2022-002044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,31]],"date-time":"2022-10-31T11:05:51Z","timestamp":1667214351000},"page":"e002044","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Sociodemographic and psychological characteristics influencing patients\u2019 willingness to participate in clinical trials"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6073-2922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Gouveia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"BlueClinical, Ltd, Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"MedInUP - Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Vitor Tedim","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Department, Hospital Pedro Hispano, ULS Matosinhos, Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"EPIUnit, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BlueClinical, Ltd, Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"MedInUP - Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025083112353097000_11.4.e002044.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/22179","article-title":"Online patient recruitment in clinical trials: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Br\u00f8gger-Mikkelsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"2025083112353097000_11.4.e002044.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.4103\/picr.PICR_206_19","article-title":"Recruitment and retention of the participants in clinical trials: challenges and solutions","volume":"11","author":"Chaudhari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Perspect Clin Res"},{"key":"2025083112353097000_11.4.e002044.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-6-34"},{"key":"2025083112353097000_11.4.e002044.4","first-page":"299","article-title":"Interpersonal values of healthy subjects who volunteer for phase I clinical trials","volume":"23","author":"Almeida","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pharmaceut Med"},{"key":"2025083112353097000_11.4.e002044.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5414\/CPP46109"},{"key":"2025083112353097000_11.4.e002044.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-008-0468-8"},{"key":"2025083112353097000_11.4.e002044.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.5414\/CPP46574","article-title":"Adverse non-drug-related complaints by healthy volunteers in phase I studies compared to the healthy general population","volume":"46","author":"Almeida","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2025083112353097000_11.4.e002044.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1177\/17407745211011069","article-title":"Phase I trial compensation: how much do healthy volunteers actually earn from clinical trial enrollment?","volume":"18","author":"Fisher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Trials"},{"key":"2025083112353097000_11.4.e002044.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2009.04.011"},{"key":"2025083112353097000_11.4.e002044.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.84.2.191"},{"key":"2025083112353097000_11.4.e002044.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ps.40.020189.002533"},{"key":"2025083112353097000_11.4.e002044.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Revista Portuguesa de Psicologia - Santos, S. 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