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Cognitive function was assessed by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). We assessed green space and blue space exposure using: (1) NDVI and NDWI (Normalised Difference Vegetation\/Water Index); (2) accessibility of green space and blue space (distance to the nearest parks\/coastlines); and (3) availability of green space and blue space (the proportion of vegetation\/water bodies). Potential mediators included: (2) moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA); (2) walking; (3) social contact; (4) social support and (5) fine particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5\u2009\u00b5m or less.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>First, MVPA mediates the association between NDVI (Coef.=0.0017; SE=0.0008), NDWI (0.0035; SE=0.0015), accessibility of green space (Coef.=\u22120.0015; SE=0.0007) and MMSE scores. Second, social contact also mediates the association between availability of green space (Coef.=0.0023; SE=0.0009), accessibility of blue space (Coef.=\u22120.0009; SE=0.0004) and MMSE scores.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings suggested that green space and blue space exposure are important predictors of cognitive function in later life and that they may exert their effect via multiple pathways. Green space and blue space exposure may contribute to healthy ageing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjph-2025-003080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T13:15:10Z","timestamp":1791378910000},"page":"e003080","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploring the pathways between green space and blue space, and cognitive function in later life: a mediation analysis in Northern Ireland"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7240-558X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruoyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK"},{"name":"NOVA Information Management School (NOVA IMS), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Campolide, Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna McHugh","family":"Power","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Maynooth University, Co. 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