{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T14:02:11Z","timestamp":1789740131676,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789689600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":79,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions and University of Amsterdam","award":["101126487 GROW"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101126487 GROW"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04dkp9463","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["bmjph"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Individuals with metabolically unhealthy normal weight (MUNW) are at an increased risk of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. However, how common this phenotype is and what drives it remains poorly understood in the sub-Saharan African (SSA) populations. This study assessed the prevalence and factors associated with MUNW among adult Ghanaian residents in Europe and non-migrant Ghanaians residing in urban and rural Ghana.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross-sectional, multicentre study used data among 1246 normal-weight adults (\u226525 years) from the Research on Obesity and Diabetes among African Migrants (RODAM) study, which was conducted among Ghanaians in rural and urban Ghana and Ghanaian migrants in three European cities (Amsterdam, Berlin and London). Age-standardised prevalence of MUNW was compared across sites. Prevalence ratio (PR) and 95% CIs across the study sites were estimated using Poisson regression with robust variance. In each study site, a multivariable logistic regression was used to identify associated factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Result<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Age-standardised prevalence of MUNW was 74.1% (95% CI 67.2% to 81.5%) in rural Ghana, 69.4% (62.1% to 77.4%) in urban Ghanaian and 69.4% (61.0% to 78.6%) in Ghanaians living in Europe. No significant difference was found in the adjusted PR between Ghanaians in rural Ghana and those in urban Ghana (PR: 0.95, 95%\u2009CI 0.80 to 1.04) or migrant Ghanaians in Europe (PR: 0.98, 0.86 to 1.10). Higher age was significantly associated with higher prevalence of MUNW in all sites. In urban Ghana, high levels of physical activity were associated with lower odds of MUNW. Among migrants, excessive alcohol intake and elevated waist-to-hip ratio increased MUNW odds, while better dietary quality reduced odds of MUNW.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>MUNW is highly prevalent among Ghanaian migrants and non-migrants, showing no significant site differences. Addressing the hidden metabolic unhealthiness within normal weight individuals and targeting context-specific factors could help reduce cardiometabolic risks in SSA populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjph-2025-004485","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T13:05:30Z","timestamp":1789736730000},"page":"e004485","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prevalence and factors associated with metabolically unhealthy normal weight among adult Ghanaian migrants in Europe and non-migrants in Ghana: cross-sectional analysis of the multicentre RODAM study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9788-2657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Birhan Ewunu","family":"Semagn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"Beune","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3032-405X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karlijn A C","family":"Meeks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands"},{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"},{"name":"Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"van der Linden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Vascular Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias B","family":"Schulze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Brandenburg, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Bavaria, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Agyemang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026091806052144000_4.3.e004485.1","unstructured":"World Health Organization . 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