{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T18:06:19Z","timestamp":1778522779671,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Gut"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To evaluate the use, effectiveness and safety of\n                      <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      empirical rescue therapy in third and subsequent treatment lines in Europe.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>International, prospective, non-interventional registry of the clinical practice of European gastroenterologists. Data were collected and quality reviewed until October 2021 at Asociaci\u00f3n Espa\u00f1ola de Gastroenterolog\u00eda-Research Electronic Data Capture. All cases with three or more empirical eradication attempts were assessed for effectiveness by modified intention-to-treat and per-protocol analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, 2144 treatments were included: 1519, 439, 145 and 41 cases from third, fourth, fifth and sixth treatment lines, respectively. Sixty different therapies were used; the 15 most frequently prescribed encompassed &gt;90% of cases. Overall effectiveness remained &lt;90% in all therapies. Optimised treatments achieved a higher eradication rate than non-optimised (78% vs 67%, p&lt;0.0001). From 2017 to 2021, only 44% of treatments other than 10-day single-capsule therapy used high proton-pump inhibitor doses and lasted \u226514 days. Quadruple therapy containing metronidazole, tetracycline and bismuth achieved optimal eradication rates only when prescribed as third-line treatment, either as 10-day single-capsule therapy (87%) or as 14-day traditional therapy with tetracycline hydrochloride (95%). Triple amoxicillin-levofloxacin therapy achieved 90% effectiveness in Eastern Europe only or when optimised. The overall incidence of adverse events was 31%.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Empirical rescue treatment in third and subsequent lines achieved suboptimal effectiveness in most European regions. Only quadruple bismuth-metronidazole-tetracycline (10-day single-capsule or 14-day traditional scheme) and triple amoxicillin-levofloxacin therapies reached acceptable outcomes in some settings. Compliance with empirical therapy optimisation principles is still poor 5 years after clinical practice guidelines update.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"clintrialgov\" xlink:href=\"NCT02328131\">NCT02328131<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2022-328232","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T13:20:44Z","timestamp":1670246444000},"page":"1054-1072","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Empirical rescue treatment of\n                    <i>Helicobacter pylori<\/i>\n                    infection in third and subsequent lines: 8-year experience in 2144 patients from the European Registry on\n                    <i>H. pylori<\/i>\n                    management (Hp-EuReg)"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"72","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct02328131","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"},{"clinical-trial-number":"nct02328131","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9827-8112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego","family":"Burgos-Santamar\u00eda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Universitario Ram\u00f3n y Cajal, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Enfermedades Hep\u00e1ticas y Digestivas, Instituto Ram\u00f3n y Cajal de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Olga P","family":"Nyssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Unit, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-Princesa), Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Hep\u00e1ticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Gasbarrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Liver Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy"},{"name":"Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Facolt\u00e0 di Medicina e Chirurgia, Roma, Italy"}]},{"given":"Dino","family":"Vaira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"}]},{"given":"\u00c1ngeles","family":"P\u00e9rez-Aisa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Costa del Sol Marbella, Marbella, Spain"},{"name":"Redes de Investigaci\u00f3n Cooperativa Orientada a Resultados en Salud (RICORS), Marbella, Spain"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Rodrigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain"}]},{"given":"Rinaldo","family":"Pellicano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Outpatient Clinic, Molinette-SGAS Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy"}]},{"given":"Alma","family":"Keco-Huerga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Universitario Virgen de Valme, Sevilla, Spain"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Pab\u00f3n-Carrasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Universitario Virgen de Valme, Sevilla, Spain"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Castro-Fernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Universitario Virgen de Valme, Sevilla, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Hep\u00e1ticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Sevilla, Spain"}]},{"given":"Doron","family":"Boltin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Tel Aviv University, Petach Tikva, Israel"}]},{"given":"Jesus","family":"Barrio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Rio Hortega, Valladolid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Perminder","family":"Phull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8760-7416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juozas","family":"Kupcinskas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania"}]},{"given":"Laimas","family":"Jonaitis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania"}]},{"given":"Inmaculada","family":"Ortiz-Polo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitari i Polit\u00e8cnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5616-4333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bojan","family":"Tepes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, AM DC Rogaska, Rogaska Slatina, Slovenia"}]},{"given":"Alfredo J","family":"Lucendo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital General de Tomelloso, Tomelloso, Spain"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda","family":"Huguet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Unit, Consorcio Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9787-8175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Areia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Francisco Gentil Portuguese Institute for Oncology of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Natasa Brglez","family":"Jurecic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interni oddelek Diagnostic Centre, Bled, Slovenia"}]},{"given":"Maja","family":"Denkovski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interni oddelek Diagnostic Centre, Bled, Slovenia"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Bujanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitario de Donostia, San Sebastian, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Biodonostia, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Hep\u00e1ticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), San Sebasti\u00e1n, Spain"}]},{"given":"June","family":"Ramos-San Rom\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitario de Donostia, San Sebastian, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1363-864X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Cuadrado-Lav\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain"}]},{"given":"Judith","family":"Gomez-Camarero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitario de Burgos, Burgos, Spain"}]},{"given":"Manuel Alfonso","family":"Jim\u00e9nez Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitario de Burgos, Burgos, Spain"}]},{"given":"Angel","family":"Lanas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain"}]},{"given":"Samuel Jes\u00fas","family":"Martinez-Dominguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain"}]},{"given":"Enrique","family":"Alfaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Marcos-Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CINTESIS, University of Porto Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Vladimir","family":"Milivojevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Clinical Center of Serbia Clinic for Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Belgrade, Serbia"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6475-3026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theodore","family":"Rokkas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Henry Dunant Hospital Center, Athens, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0319-8855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcis","family":"Leja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digestive Disease Center GASTRO, Institute of Clinical and Preventive Medicine, Riga, Latvia"},{"name":"University of Latvia Faculty of Medicine, Riga, Latvia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3460-3590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sinead","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"}]},{"given":"Ante","family":"Tonki\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Center Split Kri\u017eine, Split, Croatia"}]},{"given":"Gy\u00f6rgy Mikl\u00f3s","family":"Buz\u00e1s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Ferencv\u00e1ros Health Centre, Budapest, Hungary"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Doulberis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kantonsspital Aarau AG, Aarau, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Marino","family":"Venerito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany"}]},{"given":"Frode","family":"Lerang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterololgy, Ostfold Hospital, Gralum, Norway"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2815-3992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dmitry S","family":"Bordin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pancreatic, Biliary and Upper Digestive Tract disorders, AS Loginov Moscow Clinical Scientific Center, Moscow, Russian Federation"},{"name":"A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow, Russian Federation"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Lamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CHU de Charleroi, Charleroi, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Lisette G","family":"Capelle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2649-5967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wojciech","family":"Marlicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Dobru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of T\u00e2rgu Mures, T\u00e2rgu Mures, Romania"}]},{"given":"Oleksiy","family":"Gridnyev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kiiv, Ukraine"}]},{"given":"Ignasi","family":"Puig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Digestive Diseases, Althaia, Xarxa Assistencial Universit\u00e0ria de Manresa, Manresa, Spain"},{"name":"Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVicUCC), Manresa, Spain"}]},{"given":"Francis","family":"M\u00e9graud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM U1312, Universit\u00e9 de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France"}]},{"given":"Colm","family":"O'Morain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2090-3445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier P","family":"Gisbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Unit, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-Princesa), Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Hep\u00e1ticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121311012792000_72.6.1054.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12399"},{"key":"2025121311012792000_72.6.1054.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(83)92719-8"},{"key":"2025121311012792000_72.6.1054.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.39.4.353"},{"key":"2025121311012792000_72.6.1054.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-309252"},{"key":"2025121311012792000_72.6.1054.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-302254"},{"key":"2025121311012792000_72.6.1054.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.07.007"},{"key":"2025121311012792000_72.6.1054.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13497"},{"key":"2025121311012792000_72.6.1054.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.05.028"},{"key":"2025121311012792000_72.6.1054.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-311868"},{"key":"2025121311012792000_72.6.1054.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13128"},{"key":"2025121311012792000_72.6.1054.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12570","article-title":"Meta-analysis of three-in-one single capsule bismuth-containing quadruple therapy for the eradication of Helicobacter pylori","volume":"24","author":"Nyssen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"2025121311012792000_72.6.1054.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2019.03.048","article-title":"Combination of bismuth and standard triple therapy eradicates Helicobacter pylori infection in more than 90% of patients","volume":"18","author":"McNicholl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2025121311012792000_72.6.1054.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12554","article-title":"Relative potency of proton-pump inhibitors, Helicobacter pylori therapy cure rates, and meaning of double-dose PPI","volume":"24","author":"Graham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"2025121311012792000_72.6.1054.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-008-0576-5"},{"key":"2025121311012792000_72.6.1054.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12392","article-title":"Optimization strategies aimed to increase the efficacy of H. pylori eradication therapies","volume":"22","author":"Gisbert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"2025121311012792000_72.6.1054.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-312288"},{"key":"2025121311012792000_72.6.1054.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2016.563"},{"key":"2025121311012792000_72.6.1054.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.04.006"},{"key":"2025121311012792000_72.6.1054.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gastrohep.2016.05.003","article-title":"Iv Spanish consensus conference on Helicobacter pylori infection treatment","volume":"39","author":"Gisbert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2025121311012792000_72.6.1054.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-321372"},{"key":"2025121311012792000_72.6.1054.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.04.012","article-title":"Comparative effectiveness of multiple different first-line treatment regimens for Helicobacter pylori infection: a network meta-analysis","volume":"161","author":"Rokkas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2025121311012792000_72.6.1054.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-017-0730-4","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of quinolone-containing rescue therapies after the failure of non-bismuth quadruple treatments for Helicobacter pylori eradication: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"77","author":"Marin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"2025121311012792000_72.6.1054.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-013-2900-x"},{"key":"2025121311012792000_72.6.1054.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e98","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000001482","article-title":"Room for improvement in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection: lessons from the European Registry on H. pylori management (Hp-EuReg)","volume":"56","author":"Nyssen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2025121311012792000_72.6.1054.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1002\/ygh2.372","article-title":"Empirical Helicobacter pylori rescue therapy: an 18\u2010year single\u2010centre study of 1200 patients","volume":"1","author":"Burgos\u2010Santamar\u00eda","year":"2019","journal-title":"GastroHep"},{"key":"2025121311012792000_72.6.1054.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2007.132514"},{"key":"2025121311012792000_72.6.1054.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12630","article-title":"Protocol of the European Registry on the management of Helicobacter pylori infection (Hp\u2010EuReg)","volume":"24","author":"McNicholl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"2025121311012792000_72.6.1054.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010"},{"key":"2025121311012792000_72.6.1054.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12722","article-title":"Bismuth quadruple regimen with tetracycline or doxycycline versus three-in-one single capsule as third-line rescue therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection: Spanish data of the European Helicobacter pylori registry (Hp-EuReg)","volume":"25","author":"Nyssen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"2025121311012792000_72.6.1054.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640620972615","article-title":"European Registry on Helicobacter pylori management: Single-capsule bismuth quadruple therapy is effective in real-world clinical practice","volume":"9","author":"Nyssen","year":"2021","journal-title":"United European Gastroenterol J"},{"key":"2025121311012792000_72.6.1054.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1756283X09337342"},{"key":"2025121311012792000_72.6.1054.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pop.2018.05.006","article-title":"Emergence of global antibiotic resistance","volume":"45","author":"Morehead","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prim Care"},{"key":"2025121311012792000_72.6.1054.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-324032"},{"key":"2025121311012792000_72.6.1054.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-5378.2012.00960.x"},{"key":"2025121311012792000_72.6.1054.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365521.2015.1037345"},{"key":"2025121311012792000_72.6.1054.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10010013","article-title":"European Registry on Helicobacter pylori management: effectiveness of first and second-line treatment in Spain","volume":"10","author":"Caldas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"2025121311012792000_72.6.1054.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12052"},{"key":"2025121311012792000_72.6.1054.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2015.05.003"},{"key":"2025121311012792000_72.6.1054.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-311019"},{"key":"2025121311012792000_72.6.1054.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2008.03807.x","article-title":"Meta-analysis: high-dose proton pump inhibitors vs. standard dose in triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication","volume":"28","author":"Villoria","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2025121311012792000_72.6.1054.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2012.05211.x"},{"key":"2025121311012792000_72.6.1054.42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10010015","article-title":"Rifabutin for the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection: a review","volume":"10","author":"Gisbert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"2025121311012792000_72.6.1054.43","first-page":"58","article-title":"Randomized study of two \"rescue\" therapies for Helicobacter pylori-infected patients after failure of standard triple therapies","volume":"96","author":"Perri","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2025121311012792000_72.6.1054.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2006.02793.x"},{"key":"2025121311012792000_72.6.1054.45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12719","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of a new rifabutin\u2010based triple therapy with vonoprazan for refractory Helicobacter pylori infection: a prospective single\u2010arm study","volume":"25","author":"Hirata","year":"2020","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"2025121311012792000_72.6.1054.46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.15294","article-title":"Rifabutin triple therapy for first\u2010line and rescue treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection: A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis","volume":"36","author":"Gingold\u2010Belfer","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2025121311012792000_72.6.1054.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12147"},{"key":"2025121311012792000_72.6.1054.48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.15403\/jgld.2014.1121.234.qrth","article-title":"Quadruple rescue therapy after first and second line failure for Helicobacter pylori treatment: comparison between two tetracycline-based regimens","volume":"23","author":"Ierardi","year":"2014","journal-title":"JGLD"},{"key":"2025121311012792000_72.6.1054.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12089"},{"key":"2025121311012792000_72.6.1054.50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11061658","article-title":"Experience with rifabutin-containing therapy in 500 patients from the European Registry on Helicobacter pylori management (Hp-EuReg)","volume":"11","author":"Nyssen","year":"2022","journal-title":"JCM"},{"key":"2025121311012792000_72.6.1054.51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000001246","article-title":"Adverse event profile during the treatment of Helicobacter pylori: a real-world experience of 22,000 patients from the European Registry on H. pylori management (Hp-EuReg)","volume":"116","author":"Nyssen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2025121311012792000_72.6.1054.52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10091058","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance prevalence and trends in patients infected with Helicobacter pylori in the period 2013-2020: results of the European Registry on H. pylori Management (Hp-EuReg)","volume":"10","author":"Bujanda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antibiotics"}],"container-title":["Gut"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/gutjnl-2022-328232","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T19:01:38Z","timestamp":1765652498000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/gut.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/gutjnl-2022-328232"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,5]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/gutjnl-2022-328232"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gutjnl-2022-328232","relation":{},"ISSN":["0017-5749","1468-3288"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0017-5749","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-3288","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]]}}}