{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T19:05:37Z","timestamp":1774551937581,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"19","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Heart"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To assess the seasonality of cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) in a large set of population-based studies.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cross-sectional data from 24 population-based studies from 15 countries, with a total sample size of 237\u2005979 subjects. CVRFs included Body Mass Index (BMI) and waist circumference; systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure; total, high (HDL) and low (LDL) density lipoprotein cholesterol; triglycerides and glucose levels. Within each study, all data were adjusted for age, gender and current smoking. For blood pressure, lipids and glucose levels, further adjustments on BMI and drug treatment were performed.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, CVRFs levels tended to be higher in winter and lower in summer months. These patterns were observed for most studies. In the Northern Hemisphere, the estimated seasonal variations were 0.26\u2005kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> for BMI, 0.6\u2005cm for waist circumference, 2.9\u2005mm\u2005Hg for SBP, 1.4\u2005mm\u2005Hg for DBP, 0.02\u2005mmol\/L for triglycerides, 0.10\u2005mmol\/L for total cholesterol, 0.01\u2005mmol\/L for HDL cholesterol, 0.11\u2005mmol\/L for LDL cholesterol, and 0.07\u2005mmol\/L for glycaemia. Similar results were obtained when the analysis was restricted to studies collecting fasting blood samples. Similar seasonal variations were found for most CVRFs in the Southern Hemisphere, with the exception of waist circumference, HDL, and LDL cholesterol.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>CVRFs show a seasonal pattern characterised by higher levels in winter, and lower levels in summer. This pattern could contribute to the seasonality of CV mortality.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2014-305623","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,30]],"date-time":"2014-05-30T22:12:47Z","timestamp":1401487967000},"page":"1517-1523","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":125,"title":["Seasonality of cardiovascular risk factors: an analysis including over 230\u2005000 participants in 15 countries"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"Helena","family":"Marti-Soler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9dric","family":"Gubelmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Stefanie","family":"Aeschbacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Predictive Medicine and Public Health, University of Porto Medical School, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute of Public Health of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Bobak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK"}]},{"given":"Vanina","family":"Bongard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, UMR 1027- INSERM, Toulouse University\u2014CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France"}]},{"given":"Els","family":"Clays","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Ghent University, Ghent, 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University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Preventive care and Emergency Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Jannicke","family":"Igland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway"}]},{"given":"Torben","family":"J\u00f8rgensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Capital Region of Denmark, Glostrup, Denmark"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark"}]},{"given":"Yuri","family":"Nikitin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Internal Medicine, Institute of Internal Medicine, Siberian Branch RAMS, Novosibirsk, Russia"}]},{"given":"Mark G","family":"O'Doherty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UKCRC Centre of Excellence for Public Health, Queens University of Belfast, Belfast, UK"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Palmieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Epidemiology of Cerebro and Cardiovascular Diseases, National Centre of Epidemiology, Surveillance and Health Promotion, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Rafel","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit and Docent Unit of Family Medicine Girona, Primary Care Research Institute Jordi Gol, Girona, Spain"},{"name":"Departament of Medicine, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain"}]},{"given":"Judith","family":"Simons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lipid Research Department, University of New South Wales, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia"}]},{"given":"Gerhard","family":"Sulo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Vanuzzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro di Prevenzione Cardiovascolare, ASS 4 \u2018Medio Friuli\u2019, Udine, Italy"}]},{"given":"Joan","family":"Vila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular and Genetic Epidemiology Research Group (ULEC-EGEC), Inflammatory and Cardiovascular Disease Programme (RICAD), IMIM, Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"given":"Henrique","family":"Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Predictive Medicine and Public Health, University of Porto Medical School, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute of Public Health of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Anders","family":"Borglykke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Capital Region of Denmark, Glostrup, Denmark"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Conen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Dirk","family":"De 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