{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T16:40:11Z","timestamp":1777480811987,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"Suppl 2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,8]],"date-time":"2020-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1578441600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1152504"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1152504"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Inj Prev"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n The epidemiological transition of non-communicable diseases replacing infectious diseases as the main contributors to disease burden has been well documented in global health literature. Less focus, however, has been given to the relationship between sociodemographic changes and injury. The aim of this study was to examine the association between disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from injury for 195 countries and territories at different levels along the development spectrum between 1990 and 2017 based on the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 estimates.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n Injury mortality was estimated using the GBD mortality database, corrections for garbage coding and CODEm\u2014the cause of death ensemble modelling tool. Morbidity estimation was based on surveys and inpatient and outpatient data sets for 30 cause-of-injury with 47 nature-of-injury categories each. The Socio-demographic Index (SDI) is a composite indicator that includes lagged income per capita, average educational attainment over age 15 years and total fertility rate.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n For many causes of injury, age-standardised DALY rates declined with increasing SDI, although road injury, interpersonal violence and self-harm did not follow this pattern. Particularly for self-harm opposing patterns were observed in regions with similar SDI levels. For road injuries, this effect was less pronounced.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n The overall global pattern is that of declining injury burden with increasing SDI. However, not all injuries follow this pattern, which suggests multiple underlying mechanisms influencing injury DALYs. There is a need for a detailed understanding of these patterns to help to inform national and global efforts to address injury-related health outcomes across the development spectrum.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/injuryprev-2019-043296","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,9]],"date-time":"2020-01-09T00:25:17Z","timestamp":1578529517000},"page":"i12-i26","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":87,"title":["Burden of injury along the development spectrum: associations between the Socio-demographic Index and disability-adjusted life year estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Juanita A","family":"Haagsma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4653-2507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Spencer L","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}]},{"given":"Chris D","family":"Castle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}]},{"given":"Zachary V","family":"Dingels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}]},{"given":"Jack T","family":"Fox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}]},{"given":"Erin B","family":"Hamilton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}]},{"given":"Zichen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}]},{"given":"Lydia R","family":"Lucchesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}]},{"given":"Nicholas L S","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}]},{"given":"Dillon O","family":"Sylte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}]},{"given":"Oladimeji M","family":"Adebayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University College Hospital Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria"}]},{"given":"Alireza","family":"Ahmadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran"}]},{"given":"Muktar Beshir","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia"}]},{"given":"Miloud Taki Eddine","family":"Aichour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Higher National School of Veterinary Medicine, Algiers, Algeria"}]},{"given":"Fares","family":"Alahdab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Evidence Based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, Minnesota, USA"}]},{"given":"Suliman A","family":"Alghnam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health Research, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"given":"Syed Mohamed","family":"Aljunid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Policy and Management, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait"},{"name":"International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia"}]},{"given":"Rajaa M","family":"Al-Raddadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"given":"Ubai","family":"Alsharif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Bochum, Germany"}]},{"given":"Khalid","family":"Altirkawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"given":"Mina","family":"Anjomshoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran"}]},{"given":"Carl Abelardo T","family":"Antonio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Policy and Administration, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines"},{"name":"Department of Applied Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"}]},{"given":"Seth Christopher Yaw","family":"Appiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology and Social Work, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana"},{"name":"Center for International Health, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany"}]},{"given":"Olatunde","family":"Aremu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK"}]},{"given":"Amit","family":"Arora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"Oral Health Services, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"}]},{"given":"Hamid","family":"Asayesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran"}]},{"given":"Reza","family":"Assadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Education Development Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran"}]},{"given":"Ashish","family":"Awasthi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India"}]},{"given":"Beatriz Paulina","family":"Ayala Quintanilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"},{"name":"General Office for Research and Technological Transfer, Peruvian National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru"}]},{"given":"Shivanthi","family":"Balalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New 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Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}]},{"given":"Shahrzad","family":"Bazargan-Hejazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA"}]},{"given":"Neeraj","family":"Bedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Gandhi Medical College Bhopal, Bhopal, India"}]},{"given":"Masoud","family":"Behzadifar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran"}]},{"given":"Meysam","family":"Behzadifar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran"}]},{"given":"Corina","family":"Benjet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Psychosocial Research, Ram\u00f3n de la Fuente Mu\u00f1iz National Institute of 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Iran"}]},{"given":"Guilherme","family":"Borges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Psychosocial Research, Ram\u00f3n de la Fuente Mu\u00f1iz National Institute of Psychiatry, Mexico City, Mexico"}]},{"given":"Rohan","family":"Borschmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"},{"name":"School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}]},{"given":"Dipan","family":"Bose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transport & Digital Development, World Bank, Washington, District of Columbia, USA"}]},{"given":"Soufiane","family":"Boufous","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transport and Road Safety (TARS) Research Department, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Brazinova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Epidemiology, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia"}]},{"given":"Julio Cesar","family":"Campuzano Rincon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of the Valley of Cuernavaca, Cuernavaca, Mexico"}]},{"given":"Rosario","family":"C\u00e1rdenas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population and Health, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico"}]},{"given":"Juan J","family":"Carrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"}]},{"given":"F\u00e9lix","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCIBIO, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Carlos A","family":"Casta\u00f1eda-Orjuela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colombian National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia"},{"name":"Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia"}]},{"given":"Ferr\u00e1n","family":"Catal\u00e1-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National School of Public Health, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}]},{"given":"Jee-Young J","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Science, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea"}]},{"given":"Devasahayam J","family":"Christopher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Christian Medical College and Hospital (CMC), Vellore, India"}]},{"given":"Christopher 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Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia"}]},{"given":"Achala Upendra","family":"Jayatilleke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka"},{"name":"Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka"}]},{"given":"Ravi Prakash","family":"Jha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India"}]},{"given":"Jost B","family":"Jonas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany"},{"name":"Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, China"}]},{"given":"Zahra","family":"Jorjoran Shushtari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Determinants of Health Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}]},{"given":"Jacek 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