{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T20:59:46Z","timestamp":1760821186226,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Inj Prev"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Lifeguards are integral to beach safety and collect data which is used for a variety of purposes, although guidelines and best practice have yet to be established. This study served to identify and characterise existing beach lifeguard service provider (BLSP) data collection procedures in order to identify the degree of uniformity and areas for improvement.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The \u2018International Beach Lifeguard Data Collection and Reporting\u2019 online survey was distributed via the International Drowning Researchers\u2019 Alliance to BLSP supervisors and managers. The survey included questions on beach conditions and lifeguard activity data collection practices, and respondent\u2019s opinions on their own BLSP\u2019s methods.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Variability in data collection practices was evident in surveys obtained from 55 lifeguard leaders in 12 countries. Discrepancies exist in definitions for \u2018rescue\u2019 among BLSPs, a significant amount of information related to beach conditions are recorded and beach visitation is primarily obtained by visual estimate. Respondents expressed challenges with getting frontline staff to collect information in the field and ensuring reporting consistency between recorders. They identified rescue victim demographic factors as key data they would like to collect in the future.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Inconsistencies in lifeguard data collection present challenges to operations, safety education and prevention efforts, research and policy relying on these data. Variation in definitions, methods and collected variables generally restricts analysis to a single BLSP with limited generalisability to other beach settings. Some gaps in lifeguard data collection may soon be addressed by technology, but developing uniform, internationally acceptable standards and definitions should be prioritised.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/injuryprev-2020-043793","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]],"date-time":"2020-07-31T17:20:08Z","timestamp":1596216008000},"page":"308-315","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Need for consistent beach lifeguard data collection: results from an international survey"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4708-4347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William","family":"Koon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"International Drowning Researchers\u2019 Alliance, Kuna, Idaho, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8946-1310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Drowning Researchers\u2019 Alliance, Kuna, Idaho, USA"},{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine\u2014Jacksonville, Jacksonville, Florida, USA"},{"name":"Lifeguards Without Borders, Kuna, Idaho, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8395-1837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Catarina","family":"Queiroga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Drowning Researchers\u2019 Alliance, Kuna, Idaho, USA"},{"name":"EPIUnit, Universidade do Porto Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7891-9306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justin","family":"Sempsrott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Drowning Researchers\u2019 Alliance, Kuna, Idaho, USA"},{"name":"Lifeguards Without Borders, Kuna, Idaho, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3961-3640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Szpilman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Drowning Researchers\u2019 Alliance, Kuna, Idaho, USA"},{"name":"Brazilian Lifesaving Society\u2014SOBRASA, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4144-0566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathon","family":"Webber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Drowning Researchers\u2019 Alliance, Kuna, Idaho, USA"},{"name":"Surf Lifesaving New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7268-2587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Brander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"International Drowning Researchers\u2019 Alliance, Kuna, Idaho, USA"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025092603242714000_27.4.308.1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) . 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