{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T02:08:55Z","timestamp":1776996535329,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Epidemiol Community Health"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,10]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A healthy start to life is a major priority in efforts to reduce health inequalities across Europe, with important implications for the health of future generations. There is limited combined evidence on inequalities in health among newborns across a range of European countries.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Prospective cohort data of 75\u2005296 newborns from 12 European countries were used. Maternal education, preterm and small for gestational age births were determined at baseline along with covariate data. Regression models were estimated within each cohort and meta-analyses were conducted to compare and measure heterogeneity between cohorts.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Mother's education was linked to an appreciable risk of preterm and small for gestational age (SGA) births across 12 European countries. The excess risk of preterm births associated with low maternal education was 1.48 (1.29 to 1.69) and 1.84 (0.99 to 2.69) in relative and absolute terms (Relative\/Slope Index of Inequality, RII\/SII) for all cohorts combined. Similar effects were found for SGA births, but absolute inequalities were greater, with an SII score of 3.64 (1.74 to 5.54). Inequalities at birth were strong in the Netherlands, the UK, Sweden and Spain and marginal in other countries studied.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study highlights the value of comparative cohort analysis to better understand the relationship between maternal education and markers of fetal growth in different settings across Europe.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2014-205387","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,24]],"date-time":"2015-04-24T23:12:16Z","timestamp":1429917136000},"page":"826-833","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":174,"title":["Mother's education and the risk of preterm and small for gestational age birth: a DRIVERS meta-analysis of 12 European cohorts"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Milagros","family":"Ruiz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Goldblatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, UCL Institute of Health Equity, University College London, London, UK"}]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Morrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK"}]},{"given":"Lubom\u00edr","family":"Kukla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"\u0160vancara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic"}]},{"given":"Marjo","family":"Riitta-J\u00e4rvelin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency (HPE), Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK"},{"name":"Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland"},{"name":"Center for Life Course Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland"},{"name":"Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland"}]},{"given":"Anja","family":"Taanila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland"}]},{"given":"Marie-Jos\u00e8phe","family":"Saurel-Cubizolles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale (INSERM) UMR 1153, Obstetrical, Perinatal and Pediatric Epidemiology Research Team (Epop\u00e9), Center for Epidemiology and Statistics, Sorbonne Paris Cit\u00e9, DHU Risks in Pregnancy, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France"}]},{"given":"Sandrine","family":"Lioret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale (INSERM) UMR 1153, Early Origin of the Child's Health and Development Team (ORCHAD), Center for Epidemiology and Statistics, Sorbonne Paris Cit\u00e9, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France"}]},{"given":"Chryssa","family":"Bakoula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Paediatrics, University of Athens, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Veltsista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Paediatrics, University of Athens, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Porta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology of the Lazio Regional Health System, Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Forastiere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology of the Lazio Regional Health System, Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Manon","family":"van Eijsden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, Public Health Service of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Tanja G M","family":"Vrijkotte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Merete","family":"Eggesb\u00f8","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genes and Environment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway"}]},{"given":"Richard A","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genes and Environment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway"}]},{"given":"Henrique","family":"Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Predictive Medicine and Public Health, University of Porto Medical School, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"EPIUnit \u2013 Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Correia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Predictive Medicine and Public Health, University of Porto Medical School, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"EPIUnit \u2013 Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Martine","family":"Vrijheid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology 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