{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T06:33:18Z","timestamp":1775889198392,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Epidemiol Community Health"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Despite a concerted policy effort in Europe, social inequalities in health are a persistent problem. Developing a standardised measure of socioeconomic level across Europe will improve the understanding of the underlying mechanisms and causes of inequalities. This will facilitate developing, implementing and assessing new and more effective policies, and will improve the comparability and reproducibility of health inequality studies among countries. This paper presents the extension of the European Deprivation Index (EDI), a standardised measure first developed in France, to four other European countries\u2014Italy, Portugal, Spain and England, using available 2001 and 1999 national census data.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The method previously tested and validated to construct the French EDI was used: first, an individual indicator for relative deprivation was constructed, defined by the minimal number of unmet fundamental needs associated with both objective (income) poverty and subjective poverty. Second, variables available at both individual (European survey) and aggregate (census) levels were identified. Third, an ecological deprivation index was constructed by selecting the set of weighted variables from the second step that best correlated with the individual deprivation indicator.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>For each country, the EDI is a weighted combination of aggregated variables from the national census that are most highly correlated with a country-specific individual deprivation indicator. This tool will improve both the historical and international comparability of studies, our understanding of the mechanisms underlying social inequalities in health and implementation of intervention to tackle social inequalities in health.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2015-205729","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,11]],"date-time":"2015-12-11T23:09:42Z","timestamp":1449875382000},"page":"493-499","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":165,"title":["Development of a cross-cultural deprivation index in five European countries"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Elodie","family":"Guillaume","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"French Institute of Health and Medical Research\u2014Caen University, U1086 \u201cCancers & Pr\u00e9ventions\u201d, Caen, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9067-5076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carole","family":"Pornet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"French Institute of Health and Medical Research\u2014Caen University, U1086 \u201cCancers & Pr\u00e9ventions\u201d, Caen, France"},{"name":"P\u00f4le Recherche, University Hospital of Caen, Caen, France"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Dejardin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"French Institute of Health and Medical Research\u2014Caen University, U1086 \u201cCancers & Pr\u00e9ventions\u201d, Caen, France"},{"name":"P\u00f4le Recherche, University Hospital of Caen, Caen, France"}]},{"given":"Ludivine","family":"Launay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"French Institute of Health and Medical Research\u2014Caen University, U1086 \u201cCancers & Pr\u00e9ventions\u201d, Caen, France"},{"name":"Centre Fran\u00e7ois Baclesse, Avenue du G\u00e9n\u00e9ral Harris\u2014BP5026, Caen, France"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Lillini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, PhD School in Applied Sociology and Methodology of Research, University of Milan-Bicocca, Genoa, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Vercelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Mar\u00ed-Dell'Olmo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBER Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Ag\u00e8ncia de Salut P\u00fablica de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut d'Investigaci\u00f3 Biom\u00e8dica (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez Fontelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ag\u00e8ncia de Salut P\u00fablica de Barcelona, Barcelona, 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European Commission. Health inequalities in the EU-final report of a consortium, consortium lead. Brussels: European Commission Directorate-General for Health and Consumers, 2013."},{"key":"2025100301062005000_70.5.493.2","unstructured":"Fahey T . Poverty and the two concepts of relative deprivation. In: Working Paper (University College Dublin), July 2010."},{"key":"2025100301062005000_70.5.493.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0047279400020341"},{"key":"2025100301062005000_70.5.493.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Townsend P . Poverty in the United Kingdom. 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Un indice di deprivazione a livello aggregato da utilizzare su scala nazionale: giustificazioni e composizione dell'indice. In: Costa G , Cislaghi C , Caranci N , eds. Disuguaglianze sociali di salute. Problemi di definizione e di misura. 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Poverty and social exclusion in Britain. York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation, 2000."},{"key":"2025100301062005000_70.5.493.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.pubmed.a024766"},{"key":"2025100301062005000_70.5.493.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2012-202014"},{"key":"2025100301062005000_70.5.493.42","unstructured":"Newton JN , Briggs AD , Murray CJ , et al . Changes in health in England, with analysis by English regions and areas of deprivation, 1990\u20132013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet 2015."},{"key":"2025100301062005000_70.5.493.43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gandarillas AM , Dom\u00ednguez-Berj\u00f3n MF , Soto MJ . Increase in socioeconomic inequalities in mortality in a Southern European region: a small-area ecological study. 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