{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T20:02:11Z","timestamp":1775160131338,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":4,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,25]],"date-time":"2020-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606262400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Med Ethics"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,25]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In his recent article \u2018Limits of trust in medical AI,\u2019 Hatherley argues that, if we believe that the motivations that are usually recognised as relevant for interpersonal trust have to be applied to interactions between humans and medical artificial intelligence, then these systems do not appear to be the appropriate objects of trust. In this response, we argue that it is possible to discuss trust in medical artificial intelligence (AI), if one refrains from simply assuming that trust describes human\u2013human interactions. To do so, we consider an account of trust that distinguishes trust from reliance in a way that is compatible with trusting non-human agents. In this account, to trust a medical AI is to rely on it with little monitoring and control of the elements that make it trustworthy. This attitude does not imply specific properties in the AI system that in fact only humans can have. This account of trust is applicable, in particular, to all cases where a physician relies on the medical AI predictions to support his or her decision making.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/medethics-2020-106922","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,25]],"date-time":"2020-11-25T17:20:49Z","timestamp":1606324849000},"page":"437-438","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Trust does not need to be human: it is possible to trust medical AI"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9968-9474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Ferrario","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Management, Technology and Economics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7053-4724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Loi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digital Society Initiative (DSI) and Institute of Biomedical Ethics and History of Medicine (IBME), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1640-2763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleonora","family":"Vigan\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digital Society Initiative (DSI) and Institute of Biomedical Ethics and History of Medicine (IBME), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025092414475819000_47.6.437.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/medethics-2019-105935"},{"key":"2025092414475819000_47.6.437.2","unstructured":"Nickel PJ , Vaesen K . Risk and Trust. In: Roeser S , Hillerbrand R , Sandin P , et al , eds. Handb risk theory Epistemol Decis theory ethics soc Implic risk. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer, 2012."},{"key":"2025092414475819000_47.6.437.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13347-019-00378-3"},{"key":"2025092414475819000_47.6.437.4","unstructured":"Arrow KJ . The limits of organization. New York: Norton, 1974."}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Ethics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/medethics-2020-106922","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T21:48:05Z","timestamp":1758750485000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jme.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/medethics-2020-106922"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,25]]},"references-count":4,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/medethics-2020-106922"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/medethics-2020-106922","relation":{},"ISSN":["0306-6800","1473-4257"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0306-6800","type":"print"},{"value":"1473-4257","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,25]]}}}