{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]],"date-time":"2026-03-29T00:28:33Z","timestamp":1774744113137,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,17]],"date-time":"2021-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637107200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008741","name":"European League Against Rheumatism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EPI020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EPI020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008741","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["RMD Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To evaluate the analysis and reporting of comparative effectiveness research with observational data in rheumatology, informing European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology points to consider.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We performed a systematic literature review searching Ovid MEDLINE for original articles comparing drug effectiveness in longitudinal observational studies, published in key rheumatology journals between 2008 and 2019. The extracted information focused on reporting and types of analyses. We evaluated if year of publication impacted results.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>From 9969 abstracts reviewed, 211 articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Ten per cent of studies did not adjust for confounding factors. Some studies did not explain how they chose covariates for adjustment (9%), used bivariate screening (21%) and\/or stepwise selection procedures (18%). Only 33% studies reported the number of patients lost to follow-up and 25% acknowledged attrition (drop-out or treatment cessation). To account for attrition, studies used non-responder imputation, followed by last observation carried forward (LOCF) and complete case (CC) analyses. Most studies did not report the number of missing data on covariates (83%), and when addressed, 49% used CC and 11% LOCF. Date of publication did not influence the results.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Most studies did not acknowledge missing data and attrition, and a tenth did not adjust for any confounding factors. When attempting to account for them, several studies used methods which potentially increase bias (LOCF, CC analysis, bivariate screening\u2026). This study shows that there is no improvement over the last decade, highlighting the need for recommendations for the assessment and reporting of comparative drug effectiveness in observational data in rheumatology.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2021-001818","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,17]],"date-time":"2021-11-17T11:33:53Z","timestamp":1637148833000},"page":"e001818","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Analysing and reporting of observational data: a systematic review informing the EULAR points to consider when analysing and reporting comparative effectiveness research with observational data in rheumatology"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4315-9009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kim","family":"Lauper","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Geneva University Hospitals & Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland"},{"name":"Centre for Epidemiology Versus Arthritis, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3535-3183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Kedra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pierre Louis d'Epid\u00e9miologie et de Sant\u00e9 Publique (iPLESP), UMR S 1136, Sorbonne Universite, Paris, France"},{"name":"APHP, Rheumatology Department, Piti\u00e9 Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re Hospital, Paris, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8428-6354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maarten","family":"de Wit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Patient Research Partner, EULAR, Zaltbommel, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8845-4274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Fautrel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pierre Louis d'Epid\u00e9miologie et de Sant\u00e9 Publique (iPLESP), UMR S 1136, Sorbonne Universite, Paris, France"},{"name":"APHP, Rheumatology Department, Piti\u00e9 Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re Hospital, Paris, France"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Frisell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Epidemiology Division, Department of Medicine (Solna), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"}]},{"given":"Kimme L","family":"Hyrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Epidemiology Versus Arthritis, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK"},{"name":"NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK"}]},{"given":"Florenzo","family":"Iannone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"8Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Rheumatology Unit, University of of Bari, Bari, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8411-7972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro M","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Rheumatology & Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London, London, UK"},{"name":"National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7832-6831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lykke M","family":"\u00d8rnbjerg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Copenhagen Center for Arthritis Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Centre for Head and Orthopedics, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark"},{"name":"DANBIO registry, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Centre for Head and Orthopedics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark"}]},{"given":"Ziga","family":"Rotar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioRx.si, Department of Rheumatology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana & Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7946-1365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Jose","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reuma.pt registry, Rheumatology Research Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade Medicina de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Rheumatology Department, Hospital Garcia de Orta, Almada, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3073-7284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tanja A","family":"Stamm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section for Outcomes Research, Centre for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Complex Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria"}]},{"given":"Simon R","family":"Stones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EULAR patient research partner, Manchester, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6233-022X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anja","family":"Strangfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programme area Epidemiology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0577-6620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert BM","family":"Landew\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Zuyderland Medical Center, Heerlen, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1210-4347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Axel","family":"Finckh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Geneva University 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Comparative effectiveness of tocilizumab versus TNF inhibitors as monotherapy or in combination with conventional synthetic disease modifying antirheumatic drugs in patients with rheumatoid arthritis after the use of at least one biological disease modify. 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