{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T13:31:11Z","timestamp":1776691871381,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006388","name":"H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires de Gen\u00e8ve","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006388","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"General Directorate of Health, Canton de Geneva, Switzerland"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Tob Control"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Smoking bans were suggested to reduce smoking prevalence and increase quit ratio but their equity impact remains unclear. We aimed to characterise the socioeconomic status (SES)-related inequalities in smoking prevalence and quit ratio before and after the implementation of a public smoking ban.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We included data from 17\u2009544 participants in the population-based cross-sectional Bus Sant\u00e9 study in Geneva, Switzerland, between 1995 and 2014. We considered educational attainment (primary, secondary and tertiary) as a SES indicator. Outcomes were smoking prevalence (proportion of current smokers) and quit ratio (ex-smokers to ever-smokers ratio). We used segmented linear regression to assess the overall impact of smoking ban on outcome trends. We calculated the relative (RII) and slope (SII, absolute difference) indexes of inequality, quantifying disparities between educational groups in outcomes overall (1995\u20132014), before and after ban implementation (November 2009).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Least educated participants displayed higher smoking prevalence (RII=2.04, P&lt;0.001; SII=0.15, P&lt;0.001) and lower quit ratio (RII=0.73, P&lt;0.001; SII=\u22120.18, P&lt;0.001). As in other studies, smoking ban implementation coincided with a temporary reduction of smoking prevalence (P=0.003) and increase in quit ratio (P=0.02), with a progressive return to preban levels. Inequalities increased (P&lt;0.05) in relative terms for smoking prevalence (RII<jats:sub>before<\/jats:sub>=1.84, P&lt;0.001\u2009and RII<jats:sub>after<\/jats:sub>=3.01, P&lt;0.001) and absolute terms for both outcomes (smoking prevalence: SII<jats:sub>before<\/jats:sub>=0.14, P&lt;0.001\u2009and SII<jats:sub>after<\/jats:sub>=0.19, P&lt;0.001; quit ratio: SII<jats:sub>before<\/jats:sub>=\u22120.15, P&lt;0.001\u2009and SII<jats:sub>after<\/jats:sub>=\u22120.27, P&lt;0.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Implementation of a public smoking ban coincided with a short-lived decrease in smoking prevalence and increase in quit ratio but also with a widening in SES inequalities in smoking-related outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2017-053986","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,26]],"date-time":"2018-01-26T11:20:10Z","timestamp":1516965610000},"page":"663-669","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Public smoking ban and socioeconomic inequalities in smoking prevalence and cessation: a cross-sectional population-based study in Geneva, Switzerland (1995\u20132014)"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Luis","family":"Sandoval","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Le\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"St\u00e9phane","family":"Cullati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jean-Marc","family":"Theler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"St\u00e9phane","family":"Joost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jean-Paul","family":"Humair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jean-Michel","family":"Gaspoz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Idris","family":"Guessous","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020061509343013000_27.6.663.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6602359","article-title":"Mortality from cancer in relation to smoking: 50 years observations on British doctors","volume":"92","author":"Doll","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"2020061509343013000_27.6.663.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.4877.1451"},{"key":"2020061509343013000_27.6.663.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5002(97)00648-X"},{"key":"2020061509343013000_27.6.663.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h1551"},{"key":"2020061509343013000_27.6.663.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736"},{"key":"2020061509343013000_27.6.663.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.28695"},{"key":"2020061509343013000_27.6.663.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.2005.015347"},{"key":"2020061509343013000_27.6.663.8","unstructured":"Loring B . Tobacco and inequities. Guidance for addressing inequities in tobacco-related harm. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2014."},{"key":"2020061509343013000_27.6.663.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7407.154"},{"key":"2020061509343013000_27.6.663.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2004.025684"},{"key":"2020061509343013000_27.6.663.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2004.09.022"},{"key":"2020061509343013000_27.6.663.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntw004"},{"key":"2020061509343013000_27.6.663.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.2008.029280"},{"key":"2020061509343013000_27.6.663.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68975-7"},{"key":"2020061509343013000_27.6.663.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2003.10.018"},{"key":"2020061509343013000_27.6.663.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2011-050294"},{"key":"2020061509343013000_27.6.663.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.3.3.242"},{"key":"2020061509343013000_27.6.663.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.jphp.3200132"},{"key":"2020061509343013000_27.6.663.19","first-page":"1","article-title":"Switzerland: health system review","volume":"17","author":"De Pietro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Syst Transit"},{"key":"2020061509343013000_27.6.663.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph7072789"},{"key":"2020061509343013000_27.6.663.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2015.05.011"},{"key":"2020061509343013000_27.6.663.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tchicaya A , Lorentz N , Demarest S . Socioeconomic inequalities in smoking and smoking cessation due to a smoking ban: general population-based Cross-Sectional Study in Luxembourg. PLoS One 2016;11:e0153966.doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0153966","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0153966"},{"key":"2020061509343013000_27.6.663.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2012.03853.x"},{"key":"2020061509343013000_27.6.663.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2008.02350.x"},{"key":"2020061509343013000_27.6.663.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/cks083"},{"key":"2020061509343013000_27.6.663.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(96)00073-1"},{"key":"2020061509343013000_27.6.663.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guessous I , Bochud M , Theler JM , et al . 1999-2009 Trends in prevalence, unawareness, treatment and control of hypertension in Geneva, Switzerland. PLoS One 2012;7:e39877.doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0039877","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0039877"},{"key":"2020061509343013000_27.6.663.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.2004.008573"},{"key":"2020061509343013000_27.6.663.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntn021"},{"key":"2020061509343013000_27.6.663.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.14.4.301"},{"key":"2020061509343013000_27.6.663.31","first-page":"29","article-title":"Current cigarette smoking among adults - United States, 2005-2012","volume":"63","author":"Agaku","year":"2014","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2020061509343013000_27.6.663.32","unstructured":"Becker GS , Grossman M , Murphy KM . An empirical analysis of cigarette addiction Vol 84: American Economic Review, 1994:396\u2013418."},{"key":"2020061509343013000_27.6.663.33","unstructured":"Kroll LE . RIIGEN: Stata module to generate variables to compute the relative index of inequality. Boston College Department of Economics, 2013."},{"key":"2020061509343013000_27.6.663.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2013-051110"},{"key":"2020061509343013000_27.6.663.35","first-page":"123","article-title":"Impact of smoke-free regulations on smoking prevalence trends in Spain","volume":"27","author":"Le\u00f3n-G\u00f3mez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Public Health"},{"key":"2020061509343013000_27.6.663.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2014-205171"},{"key":"2020061509343013000_27.6.663.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2012.02.031"},{"key":"2020061509343013000_27.6.663.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2017.07.025","article-title":"Introduction of an organised programme and social inequalities in mammography screening: a 22-year population-based study in Geneva, Switzerland","volume":"103","author":"Sandoval","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"2020061509343013000_27.6.663.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2012-050856"}],"container-title":["Tobacco Control"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2017-053986","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,26]],"date-time":"2020-09-26T06:55:34Z","timestamp":1601103334000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/tobaccocontrol.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2017-053986"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,26]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2017-053986"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2017-053986","relation":{},"ISSN":["0964-4563","1468-3318"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0964-4563","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-3318","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,26]]}}}