{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T13:40:02Z","timestamp":1768916402436,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,11]],"date-time":"2018-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1536624000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":194,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Copenhagen Research Center for Control of Antibiotic Resistance"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006454","name":"Bundesamt f\u00fcr Lebensmittelsicherheit und Veterin\u00e4rwesen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006454","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Record Open"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We aimed at describing antimicrobial usage patterns throughout livestock production cycles, and comparing them across three countries from Northern, Central and Southern Europe. Given the difficulties to collect such detailed usage data, an expert opinion was deemed the most appropriate study design. This study provides new insights into the time periods and indications for which specific antimicrobial substances are used in different livestock sectors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Veterinary experts (n=67) from different livestock sectors (broilers, pigs, dairy cattle and veal\/fattening calves) and countries (Denmark, Portugal and Switzerland) replied to a questionnaire focusing on the time periods in the production cycle when antimicrobial substances were administered, and the respective indications for treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Our results showed that for several antimicrobials, between\u2010country and within\u2010country variations exist regarding the temporal distributions of treatments and indications for use. These differences were also true for several critically important antimicrobials, which is a matter of concern. Furthermore, differences between countries were also evident regarding the antimicrobial substances licensed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Based on our results, it is recommended to establish and promote treatment guidelines, invest in the prevention of diseases during critical moments of the production cycle and target undifferentiated use of antimicrobials. Moreover, discrepancies between countries should be further investigated to better understand the factors underlying the identified patterns and to distinguish prudent from non\u2010prudent use. The results can inform decision\u2010making with the aim to foster antimicrobial prudent use in the veterinary setting and, therefore, protect public health from the threat of antimicrobial resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/vetreco-2018-000288","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,11]],"date-time":"2018-09-11T09:32:47Z","timestamp":1536658367000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Expert opinion on livestock antimicrobial usage indications and patterns in Denmark, Portugal and Switzerland"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7367-5178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds Pedro","family":"Carmo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse University of Bern Liebefeld Bern Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Ilias","family":"Bouzalas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse University of Bern Liebefeld Bern Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Veterinary Research Institute Campus of Thermi Thessaloniki Greece"}]},{"given":"Liza Rosenbaum","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark"}]},{"given":"Lis","family":"Alban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark"},{"name":"Danish Agriculture and Food Council Copenhagen Denmark"}]},{"given":"Paulo","family":"Martins da Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICBAS\u2010Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar University of Porto Porto Portugal"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Center for Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR) University of Porto Matosinhos Portugal"}]},{"given":"Cedric","family":"M\u00fcntener","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Veterin\u00e4rpharmakologie und \u2010toxikologie, Vetsuisse University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Gertraud","family":"Sch\u00fcpbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse University of Bern Liebefeld Bern Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Yandy","family":"Abreu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse University of Bern Liebefeld Bern Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology National Center for Animal and Plant Health Mayabeque Cuba"}]},{"given":"Ioannis","family":"Magouras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse University of Bern Liebefeld Bern Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences City University of Hong Kong Kowloon Hong Kong SAR"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) 2016.United Nations high\u2010level meeting on antimicrobial resistancehttp:\/\/www.who.int\/antimicrobial\u2010resistance\/events\/UNGA\u2010meeting\u2010amr\u2010sept2016\/en\/(accessed 21 Oct 2016)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","unstructured":"European Commission 2011.Communication from the commission on the European parliament and the council \u2010 action plan against the rising threats from antimicrobial resistance:1\u201315http:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/dgs\/health_food\u2010safety\/docs\/communication_amr_2011_748_en.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","volume-title":"The FAO Action plan on antimicrobial resistance 2016\u20102020","author":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the 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