{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T13:40:53Z","timestamp":1787319653163,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Society for Industrial & Applied Mathematics (SIAM)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["SIAM J. Control Optim."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The design of aviation security systems has become increasingly important over the past decade. Passenger screening is a critical aspect of aviation security systems that employs trained personnel to operate screening devices that are designed to detect various threat objects. Several security classes can be defined with each class containing a subset of these screening devices, and in which each passenger is assigned to exactly one security class based on their perceived risk level. This paper introduces a real-time sequential binary passenger assignment model as a discrete-time difference equation. The stochastic value of the binary passenger assignment is replaced by a deterministic value capturing a fractional class assignment of each passenger. Through a probabilistic analysis, a closed-loop policy is presented to achieve desired security class occupancies for a finite set of passengers anticipated to undergo screening during a given time period, while maximizing the overall system security. The same closed-loop policy is also shown by applying feedback linearization to the fractional passenger assignment model. Closed-loop stability and convergence properties are discussed for a time-variant state feedback design. Simulation results are reported to illustrate sensitivity to parameter variation, and to demonstrate the effectiveness of control theory as an approximation to an otherwise computationally intractable dynamic programming problem. The key contribution is that passenger assignments to security classes can be performed in real time using the methodology introduced.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1137\/070707014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,12]],"date-time":"2009-06-12T18:07:06Z","timestamp":1244830026000},"page":"2085-2105","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Designing Aviation Security Passenger Screening Systems Using Nonlinear Control"],"prefix":"10.1137","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Adrian J.","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura A.","family":"McLay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheldon H.","family":"Jacobson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"351","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2004.06.007"},{"key":"R2","first-page":"28","volume":"28","author":"Barnett A.","year":"2001","journal-title":"OR\/MS Today","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1085-1038","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"R3","unstructured":"D. P. Bertsekas,\n                      Dynamic Programming and Optimal Control\n                      , 3rd ed., Athena Scientific, Belmont, MA, 2005."},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Chakrabarti and A. Strauss,\n                      Carnival booth: An algorithm for defeating the computer-assisted passenger screening system\n                      , First Monday, 7 (2002); available online from http:\/\/firstmonday.org\/htbin\/cgiwrap\/bin\/ojs\/index.php\/fm\/article\/view\/992\/913.","DOI":"10.5210\/fm.v7i10.992"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. W. Grizzle,\n                      Feedback linearization of discrete-time systems\n                      , in Analysis and Optimization of Systems (Antibes, 1986), Lecture Notes in Control and Inform. Sci. 83, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1986, pp. 273\u2013281.","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0007564"},{"key":"R6","unstructured":"M. Hall and B. DeLollis,\n                      Plan to collect flier data canceled\n                      , USA Today, (2004), p. 1."},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-6911(87)90070-3"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G. Jayaraman and H. J. Chizeck,\n                      Feedback linearization of discrete-time systems\n                      , in Proceedings of the 32nd IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, Vol. 4, 1993, pp. 2972\u20132977.","DOI":"10.1109\/CDC.1993.325745"},{"key":"R9","unstructured":"H. K. Khalil,\n                      Nonlinear Systems\n                      , 3rd ed., Prentice\u2013Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 1996."},{"key":"R10","unstructured":"L. A. McLay,\n                      Designing Aviation Security Systems: Theory and Practice\n                      , Ph.D. thesis, Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 2006."},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nav.20131"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07408170600729200"},{"key":"R13","unstructured":"L. A. McLay, A. J. Lee, and S. H. Jacobson,\n                      Risk-Based Policies for Airport Security Checkpoint Screening\n                      , Technical Report 2009-1, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 2009."},{"key":"R14","unstructured":"K. M. Mead,\n                      Aviation Security Costs, Transportation Security Administration\n                      , Technical Report CC-2003-066, Office of Inspector General, Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C., 2003."},{"key":"R15","unstructured":"National Research Council,\n                      Airline Passenger Security Screening\n                      , Publication NMAB-482-1, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 1996."},{"key":"R16","unstructured":"National Research Council,\n                      Assessment of Technologies Deployed to Improve Aviation Security\n                      , Publication NMAB-503, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 2002."},{"key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/trsc.1070.0198"},{"key":"R18","unstructured":"Official Airline Guide,\n                      OAG Business Travel Planner: North American Edition\n                      , Official Airline Guides, Bedfordshire, UK, 1998."},{"key":"R19","unstructured":"S. Sastry,\n                      Nonlinear Systems: Analysis, Stability, and Control\n                      , Springer, New York, 1999."},{"key":"R20","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Homeland Security,\n                      TSA to Test New Passenger Pre-Screening System\n                      , Technical report, Transportation Security Administration, Washington, D.C., 2004."},{"key":"R21","unstructured":"U.S. Government Accountability Office,\n                      Progress Since September $11, 2001$, and the Challenges Ahead\n                      , Technical Report GAO-03-1150T, Washington, D.C., 2003."},{"key":"R22","unstructured":"U.S. Government Accountability Office,\n                      Challenges Exist in Stabilizing and Enhancing Passenger and Baggage Screening Operations\n                      , Technical Report GAO-04-440T, Washington, D.C., 2004."}],"container-title":["SIAM Journal on Control and Optimization"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/epubs.siam.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1137\/070707014","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T12:51:06Z","timestamp":1787316666000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/epubs.siam.org\/doi\/10.1137\/070707014"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,1]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1137\/070707014"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1137\/070707014","relation":{},"ISSN":["0363-0129","1095-7138"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0363-0129","type":"print"},{"value":"1095-7138","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,1]]}}}